Читать книгу Essential Chinese - Philip Yungkin Lee - Страница 8
Оглавление1 The Basics
1.1 Personal details
1.2 Today or tomorrow?
1.3 What time is it?
1.4 One, two, three...
1.5 The weather
1.6 Here, there...
1.7 What does that sign say?
1.8 Legal holidays
1.9 Telephone alphabets
1. The Basics
1.1 Personal details
• In China the family name comes first and the given name next. Titles come after the name. For example, Mr Wang is Wáng xiānsheng 王先生 and Ms Wang is either Wáng xiǎojie 王小姐 or Wáng nǚshì 王女士. The title tàitai 太太 is given to married women and is placed after the husband’s surname. This is the convention still used by Chinese women in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and outside China. In Mainland China, however, Chinese women now do not adopt their husband’s surname after marriage. Overseas Chinese and foreigners will have to get used to this new convention and address married women by their maiden name, e.g. if her surname is Lǐ 李 she should be addressed as Lǐ xiǎojie 李小姐 or Lǐ dàjiě 李大姐 (for older woman). However, you may even use the older title tàitai 太太 after the husband’s surname in formal situations.
surname
xìng
姓
first name
míngzi
名字
initials
xìngmíng suōxiě
姓名缩写
address (street/number)
dìzhǐ (jiē/ménpáihào)
地址 (街／门牌号)
postal code/town
yóubié/chéngshì
邮编／城市
sex (male/female)
xìngbié (nán/nǚ)
性别 (男／女)
nationality/citizenship
guójí
国籍
date of birth
chūshēng rìqī
出生日期
place of birth
chūshēng dìdiǎn
出生地点
occupation
zhíyè
职业
marital status
hūnyīn zhuàngkuàng
婚烟状况
married/single
yǐhūn/wèihūn
已婚／未婚
widowed
guǎfù/guānfū
寡妇／鳏夫
(number of) children
érnǚ (shùmù)
儿女 (数目)
passport/identity card/driving license number
hùzhào/shēnfènzhèng/jiàshǐzhízhào hàomǎ
护照／身份证／驾驶执照号码
place and date of issue
qiānfā dìdiǎn/qiānfā rìqī
签发地点／签发日期
signature
qiānmíng
签名
1.2 Today or tomorrow?
What day is it today?
Jīntiān shì xīngqījǐ?/lǐbàijǐ
今天是星期几?／礼拜几?
Today’s Monday
Jīntiān shì xīngqīyī/lǐbàiyī
今天是星期一／礼拜一
Tuesday
xīngqī’èr/lǐbài’èr
星期二／礼拜二
Wednesday
xīngqīsān/lǐbàisān
星期三／礼拜三
Thursday
xīngqīsì/lǐbàisì
星期四／礼拜四
Friday
xīngqīwǔ/lǐbàiwǔ
星期五／礼拜五
Saturday
xīngqīliù/lǐbàiliù
星期六／礼拜六
Sunday
xīngqītiān/xīngqīrì, lǐbàitiān/lǐbàirì
星期天／星期日、礼拜天／礼拜日
in January
(zài) Yīyuè
(在) 一月
since February
Èryuèyǐlái
二月以来
in spring
(zài) chūntiān
(在) 春天
in summer
(zài) xiàtiān
(在) 夏天
in autumn
(zài) qiūtiān
(在) 秋天
in winter
(zài) dōngtiān
(在) 冬天
2012
Èrlíngyīèr nián
二零一二年
the twentieth century
Èrshí shìjì
20 世纪
the twenty-first century
Èrshíyī shìjì
21 世纪
What’s the date today?
Jīntiān jǐhào?
今天几号？
Today’s the 24th
Jīntiān shì èrshísì hào
今天是24号
Wednesday 3 November
Shíyīyuè sānhào, xīngqīsān
十一月三号，星期三
in the morning
(zài) zǎoshang
(在) 早上
in the afternoon
(zài) xiàwǔ
(在) 下午
in the evening
(zài) wǎnshang
(在) 晚上
at night
(zài) yèlǐ
(在) 夜里
this morning
jīntiān zǎoshang
今天早上
this afternoon
jīntiān xiàwǔ
今天下午
this evening
jīntiān wǎnshang
今天晚上
tonight
jīntiān wǎnshang
今天晚上
last night
zuótiān wǎnshang
昨天晚上
tomorrow night
míngtiān wǎnshang
明天晚上
this week
zhè ge xīngqī
这个星期
last week
shàng ge xīngqī
上个星期
next week
xià ge xīngqī
下个星期
this month
zhè ge yuè
这个月
last month
shàng ge yuè
上个月
next month
xià ge yuè
下个月
this year
jīnnián
今年
last year
qùnián
去年
next year
míngnián
明年
in...days/weeks/months/years
tiān/xīngqī/yuè/nián...yǐhòu
天／星期／月／年⋯以后
...weeks ago
...(ge) xīngqī/lǐbài yǐqián
⋯(个) 星期／礼拜以前
two weeks ago
liāng ge xīngqī yǐqián
两个星期以前
two weeks ago
liāng ge lǐbài yǐqián
两个礼拜以前
day off
xiūjiàrì
休假日
1.3 What time is it?
What time is it?
Jǐdiǎn (zhōng) le?/Shénme shíhoule?
几点 (钟) 了／什么时候了?
It’s nine o’clock
Jiǔ diǎn
九点
five past ten
shí diǎn wǔfēn/shí diǎn guò wǔfēn
十点五分／十点过五分
a quarter past eleven
shíyī diǎn yī kè/shíyī diǎn shíwǔ fēn
十一点一刻／十一点十五分
twenty past twelve
shí’èr diǎn èrshí fēn
十二点二十分
half past one
yí diǎn bàn/yī diǎn sānshí fēn
一点半／一点三十分
twenty-five to three
liǎng diǎn sānshíwǔ fēn/chà èrshíwǔ fēn sān diǎn
两点三十五分／差二十五分三点
a quarter to four
sān diǎn sìshíwǔ fēn/sān diǎn sān kè/chà yī kè sì diǎn
三点四十五分／三点三刻／差一刻四点
ten to five
sì diǎn wǔshí fēn/chà shífēn wǔ diǎn
四点五十分／差十分五点
It’s midday (twelve noon)
zhōngwǔ le/shí’èr diǎn le
中午了／十二点了
It’s midnight
wǎnshàng shí’èr diǎn
晚上十二点
half an hour
bàn ge zhōngtóu/bàn ge xiǎoshí
半个钟头／半个小时
What time?
Jǐ diǎn/Shénme shíhou?
几点／什么时候？
What time can I come by?
Wǒ jǐ diǎn kěyǐ guòlaí?
我几点可以过来？
At...
zài...
在⋯
After...
...yǐhoù
⋯以后
Before...
...yǐqián
⋯以前
Between 4:00 and 5:00
sì diǎn hé wǔ diǎn zhījiān
四点和五点之间
From...to...
cóng...dào...
从⋯到⋯
In...minutes
...fénzhōng yǐhòu
⋯分钟以后
an hour
yí ge zhōngtóu/yí ge xiǎoshí yǐhòu
一个钟头／一个小时以后
two hours
liǎng ge zhōngtóu/liǎng ge xiǎoshí yǐhòu
两个钟头／两个小时以后
a quarter of an hour
yí kèzhōng/shíwǔ fēnzhōng yǐhòu
一刻钟／十五分钟以后
three quarters of an hour
sān kèzhōng/sìshí fēnzhōng yǐhòu
三刻钟／四十五分钟以后
too early/late
tài zǎo le/tài wǎn le
太早了／太晚了
on time
zhǔnshí/ànshí
准时／按时
summertime (daylight saving)
xiàlìngshí
夏令时
wintertime
dōngjì shíjiān
冬季时间
1.4 One, two, three...
0
líng 零
1
yī 一
2
èr 二
3
sān 三
4
sì 四
5
wǔ 五
6
liù 六
7
qī 七
8
bā 八
9
jiǔ 九
10
shí 十
11
shíyī 十一
12
shí’èr 十二
13
shísān 十三
14
shísì 十四
15
shíwǔ 十五
16
shíliù 十六
17
shíqī 十七
18
shíbā 十八
19
shíjiǔ 十九
20
èrshí 二十
21
èrshíyī 二十一
22
èrshí’èr 二十二
30
sānshí 三十
31
sānshíyī 三十一
40
sìshí 四十
50
wǔshí 五十
60
liùshí 六十
70
qīshí 七十
80
bāshí 八十
90
jiǔshí 九十
100
yībǎi 一百
101
yībǎi líng yī 一百零一
110
yībǎi yīshí 一百一十
111
yībǎi yīshíyī 一百一十一
200
èrbǎi/liǎngbǎi 二百／两百
300
sānbǎi 三百
400
sìbǎi 四百
500
wǔbǎi 五百
600
liùbǎi 六百
700
qībǎi 七百
800
bābǎi 八百
900
jiǔbǎi 九百
1,000
yīqiān 一千
1,100
yīqiān yībǎi 一千一百
2,000
èrqiān/liǎngqiān 二千／两千
10,000
yīqàn 一万
100,000
shíwàn 十万
1,000,000
(yī) bǎiwàn (一) 百万
10,000,000
(yī) qiānwàn (一) 千万
1st
dìyī 第一
2nd
dì’èr 第二
3rd
dìsān 第三
4th
dìsì 第四
once
yí cì 一次
twice
liǎng cì 两次
double
liǎng bèi 两倍
triple
sān bèi 三倍
half
yíbān 一半
a quarter
sìfēnzhīyī 四分之一
a third
sānfēnzhīyī 三分之一
some/a few
yìxiē/jǐge 一些／几个
2 + 4 = 6
èr jiā sì děngyú liù 二加四等于六
4 – 2 = 2
sì jiā èr děngyú èr 四减二等于二
2 x 4 = 8
èr chéng sì děngyú bā 二乘四等于八
4 ÷ 2 = 2
sì chúyú èr děngyú èr 四除于二等于二
even/odd
shuāngshù/dānshù 双数／单数
total
yígòng 一共
1.5 The weather
Is the weather going to be good/bad?
Tiānqì huì hǎo ma?/huì huài ma?
天气会好吗?／会坏吗?
Is it going to get colder/hotter?
Tiānqì yào biàn lěng/rè le ba?
天气要变冷／热了吧？
What temperature is it going to be?
(Jīntiān) qìwēn duōshao dù?
(今天) 气温多少度？
Is it going to rain?
(Jīntiān) huì xiàyǔ ma?
(今天) 会下雨吗？
Is there going to be a storm?
(Jīntiān) huì yǒu fēngbào ma?
(今天) 会有风暴吗？
Is it going to snow?
(Jīntiān) huì xiàxuě ma?
(今天) 会下雪吗？
Is it going to freeze?
(Jīntiān) huì jiébīng ma?
(今天) 会结冰吗？
Is the thaw setting in?
Jiědòng le ma?
解冻了吗？
Is it going to be foggy?
(Jīntiān) huì xiàwù ma?
(今天) 会下雾吗？
Is there going to be a thunderstorm?
(Jīntiān) huì yǒu léiyǔ ma?
(今天) 会有雷雨吗？
The weather’s changing
Tiānqì yào biànle
天气要变了
It’s going to be cold
Tiān yào biàn lěng le
天要变冷了
What’s the weather going to be like today/tomorrow?
Jīntiān/Míngtiān de tiānqì zěnmeyàng?
今天／明天的天气怎么样？
下雨
xiàyǔ
rain
大雨
dàyǔ
heavy rain
晴朗
qínglǎng
sunny
很热
hěn rè
very hot
晴天
qíngtiān
fine
冰／结冰的
bīng/jiébīngde
ice/icy
霜／寒冷
shuāng/hánlěng
frost/frosty
暴雨／倾盆大雨
bàoyǔ/qīngpén dàyǔ
downpour
又冷又潮湿
yòu lěng yòu cháoshī
cold and damp
蓝天／多云／阴天
lántiān/duōyún/yīntiān
clear skies/cloudy/overcast
(华氏）度
(huáshì) dù
…degrees (Fahrenheit)
(摄氏）度
(shèshì) dù
…degrees (Celsius)
零下⋯度
língxià...dù
…degrees (below zero)
和风／大风／狂风
héfēng/dàfēng/kuángfēng
moderate/strong/very strong winds
有霜
yǒu shuāng
frost
风
fēng
wind
暴风雨
bàofēngyǔ
storm
潮湿
cháoshī
humid
凉快
liángkuai
cool
下雪
xiàxuě
snow
阴冷的
yīnlěngde
bleak
闷热
mēn rè
sweltering/muggy
晴朗
qínglǎng
fine/clear
热风
rèfēng
heatwave
刮风的
guāfēngde
windy
飓风
jùfēng
hurricane
多云状态
duōyún zhuàngtài
cloudiness
雹子／冰雹
báozi/bīngbáo
hail
大风
dàfēng
gusts of wind
夜间有霜
yèjiān yǒu shuāng
overnight frost
大雾／多雾的
dàwù/duōwùde
fog/foggy
闷人的
mènrénde
stifling
暖和的
nuǎnhuode
mild
晴／天晴
qíng/tiānqíng
sunny day
1.6 Here, there...
See also 5.1 Asking directions
here, over here/there, over there
zhèr/zhèlǐ, nàr/nàli
这儿／这里，那儿／那里
somewhere
mǒuchù
某处
everywhere
dàochù
到处
far away/nearby
yáoyuǎn/fùjìn
遥远／附近
(on the) right/(on the) left
zài yòubiān/zài zuǒbiān
在右边／在左边
to the right/left of
kào yòubiān/kào zuǒbiān
靠右边／靠左边
straight ahead
yìzhí wǎng qián zǒu
一直往前走
via
jìngguò/yóu
经过／由
in/to
(zài)...lǐ/dào
(在) ⋯里／到
on
(zài)...shàng
(在) ⋯上
under
(zài)...xià
(在) ⋯下
against
gēn...xiāngduì
跟⋯相对
opposite/facing
duìmiàn
对面
next to
āizhe/(zài)...pángbiān
挨着／ (在) ⋯旁边
near
kàojìn
靠近
in front of
(zài)...qiánmiàn
(在) ⋯前面
in the center
(zài)...zhōngjiān
(在) ⋯中间
forward
xiàng qián
向前
down
xiàng xià
向下
up
xiàng shàng
向上
inside
lǐbiān
里边
outside
wàibiān
外边
at the front
(zài)...qiánmiàn
(在) ⋯前面
at the back
(zài)...hòumiàn
(在) ⋯后面
in the north
(zài)...běibiān
(在) ⋯北边
to the south
zài...yǐ nán
在⋯以南
from the west
(cóng)...xībiān
(从) ⋯西边
from the east
(cóng)...dōngbiān
(从) ⋯东边
1.7 What does that sign say?
See 5.2 Traffic signs
交通标志
jiāotōng biāozhì
traffic signs
出租
chūzū
for hire/rent
出售
chūshòu
for sale
卖完
màiwán
sold out
热水／冷水
rèshuǐ/lěngshuǐ
hot/cold water
非饮用水
fēiyǐnyòngshuǐ
water (not for drinking)
停用
tíngyòng
not in use
推
tuī
push
打开
dǎkāi
open
拉
lā
pull
洗手间
xǐshǒujiān
bathrooms
满／客满
mǎn/kèmǎn
full
邮局
yóujú
post office
高压电
gāo yā diàn
high voltage
问讯处
wènxùn chù
information
售票处
shòupiào chù
ticket office
收款处
shōukuǎn chù
cashier
免费入场
miǎnfèi rùchǎng
entrance (free)
当心恶狗
dāngxīn è gǒu
beware of the dog
油漆未干
yóuqī wèi gān
wet paint
危险
wéixiǎn
danger
无人
wúrén
vacant
入口
rùkǒu
entrance
紧急出口
jǐnjí chūkǒu
(emergency) exit
此路不通／禁止入内
cǐlù bùtōng/jìnzhǐ rùnèi
no access/no entry
警察
(局)／公安 (局)
jǐngchá (jú)/gōng’ān (jú)
police
交通警察
jiāotōng jǐngchá
traffic police
候客／候机／候车
hóu kè/hóu jī/hóu chē
waiting room
医院
yīyuàn
hospital
急救室／事故急诊室
jíjiùshì/shìgù jízhěnshì
first aid/accident and emergency (hospital)
灭火局／消防局
mièhuǒjú/xiāofángjú
fire department
紧急刹车
jǐnjíshāchē
emergency brake
停止营业／休假／装修施工
tíngzhǐ yíngyè/xiūjià/zhuāngxiū shīgōng
closed (for holiday/refurbishment)
禁止打猎／禁止钓鱼
jìnzhǐ dǎliè/jìnzhǐ diàoyú
no hunting/fishing
安全出口／自动楼梯
ānquán chūkǒu/zìdòng lóutī
fire escape/escalator
预订席／包席
yùdìngxí/bāoxí
reserved
宾馆／旅馆
bīn’guǎn/lǚguǎn
hotel
待维修
dài wéixiū
out of order
停（止）
tíng (zhǐ)
stop
有人
yǒurén
engaged
行人
xíngrén
pedestrians
时刻表
shíkèbiǎo
timetable
兑换
duìhuàn
exchange
旅行咨询处
lǚxíng zīxúnchù
tourist information bureau
请勿抽烟／请勿乱丢废屑
qǐngwù chōuyān/qǐngwù luàndiū fèixiè
no smoking/no littering
危险／易燃／致命
wéixiǎn/yìrán/zhìmìng
danger/fire hazard/danger to life
请勿打扰／请勿触摸
qǐngwù dǎrǎo/qǐngwù chùmō
please do not disturb/touch
1.8 Legal holidays
• Apart from Chinese New Year which is celebrated throughout China with two weeks off from work, other holidays are mostly observed in the cities with time off to celebrate the festivities. There are two types of festivals, traditional and modern.
The former follow the lunar calendar which identifies the months sequentially as the First Month, the Second Month, etc. Chinese New Year or the Spring Festival varies every year but falls between the last 10 days of January and the first 10 days of February each year.
Modern holidays are historically linked to the New China with National Day (October 1) and Labor Day (May 1) heading the list. National Day and Labor Day are each celebrated with a week off work when people are encouraged to spend and go for holidays in an attempt to stimulate the economy. On these occasions, government institutions and head offices of banks are closed for business. However, local bank branches are open for about 5 hours a day for 1 to 3 days. Shopping centers are open till midnight while supermarkets and medium-sized shops keep normal opening hours. Local shops and convenience stores vary, some trading for fewer hours during the holidays.
January 1: New Year’s Day Xīnnián/Yuándàn 新年/元旦
[Yīyuè yīhào]
January/February: Chinese New Year Chūnjié 春节
(Lunar Calendar: First Day of the First Month)
[Nónglì Zhēngyuè yīrì]
January/February: Lantern Festival Yuánxiāojié 元宵节
(Lunar Calendar: Fifteenth Day of the First Month)
[Nónglì Zhēngyuè shíwǔrì]
March 8: Women’s Day Fùnǚjié 妇女节
[Sānyuè bāhào]
April 5: Festival of Sweeping Ancestors’ Graves Qīngmíngjié 清明节
[Sìyuè wǔhào]
May 1: Labor Day Láodòngjié 劳动节
[Wǔyuè yīhào]
May 4: Youth Festival Qīngniánjié 青年节
[Wǔyuè sìhào]
June 1: Children’s Day Értóngjié 儿童节
[Liùyuè yīhào]
June: Dragon Boat Festival Duānwǔjié 端午节
(Lunar Calendar: Fifth Day of the Fifth Month)
[Nónglì Wǔyuè wǔrì]
July 1: Foundation Day of Chinese Communist Party Jiàndǎngjié 建党节
[Qīyuè yīhào]
August 1: Foundation Day of the People’s Liberation Army Jiànjūnjié 建军节
[Bāyuè yīhào]
Mid-Autumn: Mid-Autumn Festival Zhōngqiūjié 中秋节
[Nónglì Bāyuè shíwǔrì]
October 1: National Day Guóqìngjié 国庆节
[Shíyuè yīhào]
1.9 Telephone alphabets
• The phonological system of Mandarin Chinese, Hanyu Pinyin, can be represented by letters. Twenty five letters of all the letters of English alphabet are used for Pinyin. Letter “v” is not used, while letter “ü” is added to represent the vowel sound “yü.” Below is how Pinyin may sound like in terms of English pronunciation. All rules given here in terms of English pronunciation are approximations, as several of these sounds do not correspond directly to sounds in English.
| Pinyin | English | Examples | (Meaning) |
| ao | now | 到 dào | (arrive) |
| b | bee | 白 bái | (white) |
| c | (i)ts | 藏 cáng | (hide) |
| ch | ch | 茶 chá | (tea) |
| d | day | 地 dì | (earth) |
| e | her | 这 zhè | (this) |
| ei | day | 背 bèi | (the back) |
| er | err | 儿 ér | (son) |
| f | far | 饭 fàn | (meal) |
| g | good | 狗 gǒu | (dog) |
| h | how | 行 háng | (row) |
| i | eat | 你 nǐ | (you) |
| ian | yen | 电 diàn | (electricity) |
| ie | yes | 裂 liè | (crack) |
| iu | you | 丢 diū | (lose) |
| j | jeep | 家 jiā | (home) |
| k | key | 看 kàn | (see) |
| l | lay | 蓝 lán | (blue) |
| m | my | 米 mǐ | (uncooked rice) |
| n | nine | 能 néng | (energy) |
| o | awe | 破 pò | (broken) |
| ou | low | 豆 dòu | (bean) |
| p | pea | 怕 pà | (scare) |
| q | cheer | 请 qǐng | (please) |
| r | rat | 人 rén | (people) |
| s | see | 三 sān | (three) |
| sh | she | 深 shēn | (deep) |
| t | tea | 田 tián | (field) |
| u | wool | 路 lù | (road) |
| ui | way | 灰 huī | (grey) |
| uo | ward | 拖 tuō | (drag) |
| ü | ü (French) | 绿 lǜ | (green) |
| üe | ü + ebb | 学 xué | (learn) |
| w | way | 晚 wǎn | (late) |
| x | see | 谢 xiè | (thank) |
| y | young | 羊 yáng | (sheep) |
| z | kids | 脏 zāng | (dirty) |
| zh | gauge | 周 zhōu | (week) |
