Читать книгу The Natural History of Pliny (Vol. 1-6) - Pliny the Elder - Страница 270

4145 Called Pionitæ in the preceding Chapter.

4146 A town in the Troad, the site of which is unknown.

4147 A town on the Propontis, according to Stephanus. The sites of most of the places here mentioned are utterly unknown.

4148 Also called Pergama or Pergamus. Its ruins are to be seen at the modern Pergamo or Bergamo. It was the capital of the kingdom of Pergamus, and situate in the Teuthranian district of Mysia, on the northern bank of the river Caïcus. Under its kings, its library almost equalled that of Alexandria, and the formation of it gave rise to the invention of parchment, as a writing material, which was thence called Charta Pergamena. This city was an early seat of Christianity, and is one of the seven churches of Asia to whom the Apocalyptic Epistles are addressed. Its ruins are still to be seen.

4149 At the beginning of the preceding Chapter.

4150 The people of Thyatira, mentioned in B. v. c. 31.

4151 The people of Mygdonia, a district between Mount Olympus and the coast, in the east of Mysia and the west of Bithynia.

4152 “The people of the Holy Village.” Hierocome is mentioned by Livy as situate beyond the river Mæander.

4153 The people of Attalia, mentioned in C. 32.

4154 Previously mentioned in the present Chapter.

4155 Or “the Table.” Now known as Capo de Janisseri.

4156 Also called the Milyæ, probably of the Syro-Arabian race; they were said to have been the earliest inhabitants of Lycia.

4157 The Leleges are now considered to have been a branch of the great Indo-Germanic race, who gradually became incorporated with the Hellenic race, and thus ceased to exist as an independent people.

4158 A nation belonging probably more to mythology than history. Strabo supposes them to have been of Thracian origin, and that their first place of settlement was Mysia.

4159 By some supposed to have been a people of Phrygia.

4160 Mentioned in C. 29 of the present Book.

4161 From the Greek δαμάω, “to subdue.” Hardouin thinks that this appellation is intended to be given by Pliny to Asia in general, and not to the city of Apamea in particular, as imagined by Ortelius and others.

4162 It is so described by Homer.

4163 This was the light-house built upon it by Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, whence the name of pharus came to be applied to similar structures. It was here also that, according to the common story, the seventy Translators of the Greek version of the Old Testament, hence called the Septuagint, were confined while completing their work.

4164 The narrow or fortified channel.

4165 The Neptunian channel.

4166 Mentioned also in C. 14 of the present Book.

4167 In C. 17 of the present Book.

4168 The boatmen of Ruad, the ancient Aradus, still draw fresh water from the spring Ain Ibrahim, in the sea, a few rods from the shore of the opposite coast.

4169 Now called Kibris.

4170 Strabo makes it 425. Hardouin remarks that Isidorus has not made allowance for the margin of the creeks and bays.

4171 The north-eastern extremity of Cyprus. It is now called Capo Sant Andreas. It is more generally known in the editions of Pliny by the name of Dinaretum.

4172 Now called Capo Sant Epifanio, or Pifano, after the celebrated metropolitan of Cyprus. It is the western extremity of the island.

4173 From the Greek κέρας, “a horn.” It was not improbably so called from the numerous horns or promontories on its coast.

4174 From the Greek μακάριος, “blessed,” in compliment to its fertile soil and delightful temperature.

4175 Apparently from the Greek κρυπτὸς, “concealed.” Stephanus Byzantinus says that it was so called because it was frequently hidden beneath the surface of the sea.

4176 Or New Paphos. The spot is still called Bafa or Bafo.

4177 Or Old Paphos, now Kukala or Konuklia. Old Paphos was situate near the promontory Zephyrium on the river Bocarno, where it had a good harbour; while New Paphos lay more inland, in the midst of a fertile plain, sixty stadia from the former. Old Paphos was the chief seat of worship of Aphrodite or Venus, who was said to have landed at that place after her ascent from the sea.

4178 Situate on the most southerly point in the island; now Capo Gavatta or delle Gatte.

4179 A town situate on the south coast of Cyprus. Its ruins are to be seen between Larnika and the port now known as Salines; they are very extensive. In B. xxx. c. 9, Pliny speaks of the salt lakes near this place, which are worked at the present day.

4180 In the middle of the east coast. It was said to have been founded by Teucer the son of Telamon, who gave it the name of his native land from which he had been banished by his father.

4181 Now called Old Limasol, a town on the south coast, celebrated for its worship of Aphrodite or Venus. It was a Phœnician settlement, and Stephanus calls it the most ancient city in the island. It long preserved its oriental customs, and here the Tyrian Hercules was worshipped under his name of Melkart.

4182 Its site is now called Lapitho or Lapta.

4183 Probably the same as the Temese of Homer. It was situate in a fertile district in the middle of Cyprus, and in the neighbourhood of extensive copper mines. Near it was a celebrated plain, sacred to Venus, mentioned by Ovid.

4184 Now called Chytria, a town of Cyprus on the road from Cerinea to Salamis.

4185 In the east of Cyprus, near the Promontory of Acamas, formerly called Marion. Ptolemy Soter destroyed this town, and removed the inhabitants to Paphos. The modern name of its site is Polikrusoko or Crisophou, from the gold mines in the neighbourhood. There was more than one city of this name in Cyprus, which was probably bestowed on them during its subjection to the princes of the line of Lagus. Another Arsinoë is placed near Ammochostus to the north of the island, and a third of the same name appears in Strabo with a harbour, temple and grove, between Old and New Paphos.

4186 Or Carpasia, to the north-east of the island, facing the Promontory of Sarpedon on the Cilician coast. It was said to have been founded by Pygmalion, king of Tyre. Pococke speaks of remains at Carpas, the site of this place, especially a long wall and a pier.

4187 Or Golgos, famous for the worship of Aphrodite or Venus, which had existed here even before its introduction at Paphos by Agapenor. Its position is unknown.

4188 Or Idalia, adjoining to which was a forest sacred to Aphrodite. The poets, who connect this place with her worship, give us no indications whatever of its precise locality. Engel identifies it with the modern Dalin, situate to the south of Leucosia, at the foot of Mount Olympus.

4189 Now Cape Anamur.

4190 “Aulon Cilicium,” now the Sea of Caramania or Cyprus.

4191 The Cilician Sea, namely.

4192 There were several islands of this name. It is not improbable that Pliny alludes to the one lying off the coast of Caria between the isle of Rhodes and the mainland, and which seems to be the island marked Alessa in the maps. There was another of the same name close to the shore of Cilicia, afterwards known by the name of Sebaste.

4193 Or Cleides, meaning the “Keys.” This was a group of small islands lying to the north-east of Cyprus. The name of the islands was afterwards transferred by some geographer to the Cape which Pliny above calls Dinæ, and others Dinaretum.

4194 Cape Acamas, now Pifano.

4195 Or the “Sacred Garden.” The names of this and the Salaminiæ do not appear to be known to the modern geographers.

4196 This is identified by Beaufort with the islet called Bœshat, which is separated by a narrow channel from the Lycian shore. The others do not seem to have been identified. Attelebussa is supposed to take its name from a kind of destructive grasshopper without wings, called by the Greeks ἀττέλεβος.

4197 Situate off the commencement of the sea-coast of Pamphylia, on the borders of Lycia. Beaufort speaks of them as five in number; he did not meet with any of the dangers of the navigation here mentioned by Pliny. The Greeks still call them Chelidoniæ, and the Italian sailors Celidoni, which the Turks have corrupted into Shelidan.

4198 Hardouin supposes these four islands to be the names of the group forming the Pactyæ. The names given appear to signify, the “Wild” or “Rough Islands,” the “Isle of the Nymphs,” the “Long Island,” and the “Greatest Island.” They were off the coast of Lycia, and seem to have belonged to the Rhodians. The modern name of Megista is Kastelorizo, according to Ansart.

4199 Or Doliche, the “Long Island,” in the Lycian Sea, west of the ruins of Myra. Its modern name is Kakava. It is now uninhabited.

4200 Still known as Grambousa, a small island off the east coast of Lycia. There seems to have been another of the same name off the Lycian coast.

4201 An island off the coast of Lycia.

4202 Hardouin thinks that they were opposite to the city of Dædala on the coast of Caria.

4203 Off the city of Crya, probably, in Caria.

4204 On the coast of Lycia.

4205 In Lycia. See C. 29 of the present Book.

4206 Probably so called from the number of hares found there.

4207 On the coast of Caria.

4208 Still known as Lindo and Camiro, according to D’Anville.

4209 One of the three ancient Doric cities of Rhodes. It lay three-quarters of a mile to the south-west of the city of Rhodes, with which Pliny seems here to confound it. Its site is occupied by a village which still bears the name of Ialiso, and where a few ancient remains are to be found.

4210 From its productiveness of serpents.

4211 Either from Asterius, its former king, or from its being a “constellation” of the sea.

4212 Probably because of the clearness and serenity of its atmosphere. See B. ii. c. 62.

4213 From its three-cornered shape.

4214 Perhaps so called from its fruitfulness in ivy, in Greek κορυμβήθρα, or else from κόρυμβος, “a summit,” from its elevated position.

4215 From its verdant and grassy soil.

4216 Either from King Atabyrius, or the mountain Atabyrion; or else from the temple of Jupiter Tabyrius, which Appian speaks of as situate in this island.

4217 The “fortunate,” or “blessed” island.

4218 “Venomous,” or “deadly.” This name it most probably had in early times (and not more recently, as Pliny says), when it was covered with dense forests, the retreats of serpents and noxious reptiles.

4219 Now known as Skarpanto.

4220 Mentioned by Homer, Il. ii. 676. See also B. iv. c. 23 of the present work. It is described by Ross as a single ridge of mountains, of considerable height.

4221 Signifying “sea-foam.”

4222 Still known as Nicero.

4223 From its production of the ‘murex,’ or ‘purple.’

4224 Now called Symi, a small island off the south-west coast of Caria, at the mouth of the Gulf of Doris, to the west of the Promontory of Cynossema.

4225 Now called the Island of St. Catherine, according to Ansart.

4226 Stephanus Byzantinus mentions these islands as lying in the vicinity at Syme. Perhaps they are the group lying to the south of it, now called Siskle.

4227 Distant about fifty miles from Carpathus, or Skarpanto. It was probably subject to Rhodes, in the vicinity of which it was situate. Its present name is Chalki.

4228 An island, according to Hardouin, not far from Halicarnassus, on the coast of Ionia.

4229 So called from its productiveness of the νάρθηξ, or ferula.

4230 More probably Calydnæ, because there were several islands forming the group, of which Calymna was the chief. See B. iv. c. 23, where Pliny mentions only one town, that of Coös. There are some remains of the ancient towns still to be seen.

4231 A small island of Caria, south of Halicarnassus. It is now called Orak-Ada.

4232 Probably so called from the almost continual rains there.

4233 Now called Stanko, or Stanchio, a corruption of ἐς τὰν Κῶ.

4234 Which has been previously mentioned in this Chapter.

4235 In C. 29, Pliny has mentioned a Caryanda on the mainland. It is probable that there was a town on the mainland and another in the island of the same name. Leake says, that there can be little doubt that the large peninsula, towards the west end of which is the fine harbour called by the Turks Pasha Limani, is the ancient island of Caryanda, now joined to the mainland by a narrow sandy isthmus.

4236 The island of Hyali, near the harbour of Meffi, on the coast of Caria, according to Dupinet.

4237 Probably so called from the worship of the god Priapus there.

4238 Few, if any, of these islets can now be recognized. Sepiussa was probably so called from the abundance of the sepia, or cuttle-fish, there.

4239 Over against the isle of Samos.

4240 B. iv. c. 23.

4241 Near the city of Miletus.

4242 So called from their resemblance to camels.

4243 Lying before the Promontory of Trogilium, mentioned in C. 31.

4244 Augustus gave their liberty to the Samians. The island is still called by the Greeks Samo, and by the Turks Susam Adassi.

4245 The “Virgin’s Island,” if so called after Juno, as some say; but according to Strabo, it received its name from the river Parthenius.

4246 From its numerous oaks.

4247 From the abundance of its flowers.

4248 “Of dark,” or “black foliage;” in allusion probably to its cypresses.

4249 “Cypress-bearing.”

4250 This is not improbably a compound, formed by a mistake of the copyists, of the two names, Parthenia and Aryusa, mentioned by Heraclides.

4251 “The Crown.” This island was the birth-place of Pythagoras.

4252 Now known as Khio, Scio, Saka Adassi, or Saksadasi. Chios was declared free by the Dictator Sulla.

4253 Χιὼν, gen. Χιόνος.

4254 Macris, from its length, and Pityusa, from its pine-trees.

4255 Dalechamps says 112 is the correct measurement.

4256 Mentioned in C. 31 of the present Book.

4257 Meaning “green and flourishing.”

4258 “Productive of laurels.” None of these islets appear to have been recognized by their modern names.

4259 By Strabo called Pordoselene. He says that the islands in its vicinity were forty in number; of which Pliny here gives the names of two-and-twenty.

4260 South of Proconnesus; now called Aloni.

4261 Near the city of Clazomenæ. It is now called Vourla, according to Ansart.

4262 Now Koutali, according to Ansart.

4263 We learn from Strabo and other writers, that this city was on a peninsula, and that it stood on the southern side of the isthmus, connecting Mount Mimas with the mainland of Lydia. It was the birth-place of Anacreon and Hecatæus.

4264 Or the “Dove Islands;” probably from the multitude of those birds found on those islands.

4265 Now called Antigona, according to Ansart.

4266 Now Mitylene, or Metelin.

4267 We find it also stated by Herodotus, that this island was destroyed by the Methymnæans. The cities of Mitylene, Methymna, Eresus, Pyrrha, Antissa, and Arisbe, originally formed the Æolian Hexapolis, or Confederation of Six Cities.

4268 The ruins found by Pococke at Calas Limneonas, north-east of Cape Sigri, may be those of Antissa. This place was the birth-place of Terpander, the inventor of the seven-stringed lyre.

4269 Or Eressus, according to Strabo. It stood on a hill, reaching down to the sea. Its ruins are said to be near a place still called Eresso. It was the birth-place of the philosopher Theophrastus, the disciple of Aristotle.

4270 Still called Mitylene, or Metelin.

4271 Strabo makes it about only 137 miles.

4272 Or the White Islands.

4273 So called from its fruitfulness in quinces, or “Mala Cydonia.”

4274 These were three small islands, near the mainland of Æolis. It was off these islands that the ten generals of the Athenians gained a victory over the Spartans, B.C. 406. The modern name of these islands is said to be Janot.

4275 One of the Leucæ, previously mentioned.

4276 So called from the φελλὸς, or “cork,” which it produced.

4277 Still known as Tenedos, near the mouth of the Hellespont. Here the Greeks were said to have concealed their fleet, to induce the Trojans to think that they had departed, and then introduce the wooden horse within their walls.

4278 “Having white eye-brows;” probably from the whiteness of its cliffs.

4279 In C. 33 of the present Book.

4280 Opposite to Sestos, made famous by the loves of Hero and Leander. Aidos, or Avido, a village on the Hellespont, is thought to occupy its site.

4281 Now called Bergase, according to D’Anville.

4282 Its ruins are still known as Lapsaki. This important city was celebrated for its wine, and was the chief seat of the worship of the god Priapus.

4283 Its site is now called Camanar, according to D’Anville.

4284 According to Ansart, the modern Caraboa marks its site.

4285 Now called the Satal-dere, according to Ansart.

4286 Its locality was not far from the modern Biga, according to Ansart.

4287 Now the Sea of Marmora.

4288 Mentioned in C. 33 of the present Book.

4289 Now called Artaki, or Erdek, a town of Mysia, and a Milesian colony. A poor town now occupies its site.