Читать книгу Arc Welding Processes Handbook - Ramesh Kumar Singh - Страница 3

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 General lay out of welding and joining processes.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.3 A SMAW welder welding on a pipeline project.Figure 2.4 Typical SMAW setup.Figure 2.5 Welding arc action and various components of welding.Figure 2.6 Above (2 graphs), graph 1 above, shows the volt-ampere curve, (output...Figure 2.7 The schematic above shows the key components of an AC transformer.Figure 2.7.3 Schematic of a movable shunt type transformer control.Figure 2.7.4 A schematic of a movable coil reactor, the position of the reactor ...Figure 2.7.5 A magnetic amplifier transformer output control, the diode allows t...Figure 2.7.6 The top portion of the figure shows the use of diodes – shown in Re...Figure 2.7.7 A schematic drawing of single-phase DC power source with SCR bridge...Figure 2.8.1 Shows the schematic of single phase bridge type rectifier.Figure 2.8.2 Three phase bridge-type rectifier.Figure 2.8.1.1 Schematic diagram of a DC generator.Figure 2.8.1.2 Circuitry of an exciter system.Figure 2.8.3 Current conversion and resulting wave forms.Figure 2.8.3.1 Copper and aluminum welding leads: note the number of fine wires ...Figure 2.8.3.2 Different types of SMAW electrode holders.Figure 2.8.4.1 Various types of cable connectors, and ground clamp. Pictures cou...Figure 2.8.5.1 NEMA rating.Figure 2.9.1 A typical hand-held welding shield.Figure 2.9.2 Miller Digital Elite helmet.Figure 2.9.3 A typical welding helmet.Figure 2.10.2 Portfolio of SMAW electrodes.Figure 2.10.3 AWS electrode classification method.Figure 2.10.5.1 Shop use electrode drying oven.Figure 2.10.5.2 Portable electrode holder also called quivers.Figure 2.11.1 Different types of weld joints.Figure 2.11.2 Different types of weld designs.Figure 2.11.3 Welding positions for welding a plate, the positions are primarily...Figure 2.11.4 Positions of plate and pipe butt welds and fillet welds with both ...Figure 2.11.5 Above figure shows the permitted angular tolerance for specificall...Figure 2.11.3.1 Testing a fillet weld.Figure 2.11.3.2 Testing a fillet weld using a hammer.Figure 2.11.3.3 Size and nomenclature of fillet weld.Figure 2.11.3.4 A single pass fillet weld.Figure 2.11.3.5 A single pass fillet weld with (arc termination) stop in the mid...Figure 2.11.3.6 A multi-passes fillet weld-note the termination of arc start and...Figure 2.11.3.7 A micro-etch of a double sided two pass fillet weld – compare th...Figure 2.11.4.1 Weld appearances matched with arc current, and arc travel speed.Figure 2.11.4.2 Pictures of the weld appearances and probable cause for the qual...Figure 2.11.5.1 Offsetting the weld setup for distortion control.Figure 2.11.9 This is a rotator with one end of the pipe held in a three-jaw, se...Figure 2.11.10 This rotator is similar to the one above except that the pipe end...Figure 2.11.11 A heavy-duty rotator.Figure 2.11.12 Weld tacks bridging two pieces of pipe.Figure 2.11.13 Shows a removable tack.Figure 2.11.14 This picture shows both the bridge tack using external pieces of ...Figure 2.11.15 Typical CS pipe weld.Figure 2.11.10.1 Bevel edge preparation for vertical-up pipe in 6G position.Figure 2.11.10.2 The vertical up progression - note the direction of electrode m...Figure 2.11.11.1 Vertical down progression.Figure 2.11.11.2 Weld profile of each pass.Figure 2.11.11.3 The sketch above shows a typical weld layers of several passes ...Figure 2.12.6 Aluminum fillet weld-bend testing.Figure 2.12.12 Typical stainless-steel pipe weld, and weld-o-let on the header.Figure 2.12.13 Pipe is assembled and prior to welding, the welder is tacking the...Figure 2.12.18 Schaeffler diagram.Figure 2.12.19 DeLong diagram.Figure 2.14 Nickel alloy plate being welded.Figure 2.14.1 Nickel is in 10th group and 4th period in the periodic table, its ...Figure 2.14.2 Typical nickel welding electrodes – note the electrode identificat...Figure 2.14.3 Nickel alloy welding (note the fillet weld in upward progression).

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.3.1 Typical GTAW welding.Figure 3.3.2 A GTAW welder, note the welding torch, and the filler wire in each ...Figure 3.4.1 Typical GTAW welding process with details of the welding torch.Figure 3.5.1 A typical GTAW set-up with positions of gas cylinder, welding machi...Figure 3.5.2 The cleaning process by the current cycle.Figure 3.5.3 High and low frequency currents in pulsing.Figure 3.6.1 DC HF output circuit.Figure 3.7.1 The graph.Figure 3.7.2 Four AC wave forms.Figure 3.7.2.2 Effect of Independent AC amperage control on weld penetration and...Figure 3.7.2.3 Effect of variation in AC frequency on the weld profile and penet...Figure 3.7.2.4 Provides an example of a weld done at 150 Hz and 40 Hz.Figure 3.7.2.5 Weld profile as a result of extended EN of the cycle.Figure 3.7.2.6 Weld profile as a result of reduced EN cycle.Figure 3.7.4.1 A schematic drawing of single-phase DC power source with SCR brid...Figure 3.7.6.1 Schematic diagram of a DC generator.Figure 3.7.6.2 DC excitation circuit.Figure 3.9.1 Gas flow meters (A) shows the tube type flow meter, and the bottom ...Figure 3.10.1 A typical manual welding torch, note the water cooling, gas supply...Figure 3.10.2 Various nozzles types and sizes.Figure 3.10.3 A gas lens, with mesh, and holding circlip.Figure 3.10.4 An assortment of manual welding GTAW torch components.Figure 3.11.1 Electrode tips.Figure 3.11.2.1 The tip angle 60°, note the depth of the deeper penetration and ...Figure 3.11.2.2 The tip angle 30°, note the depth of the shallower penetration a...Figure 3.11.2.3 The tip angle 15°, note the depth of the shallowest penetration ...Figure 3.12.1 Five basic weld designs (Courtesy of Indian Air force training man...Figure 3.16.1 Copper and Aluminum welding leads: note the number of fine wires t...Figure 3.25.9.3.1 Welder is tacking a pipe prior to welding.Figure 3.25.9.3.2 A nozzle is welded on a pipe header.Figure 3.25.10.2.1 Schaeffler diagram.Figure 3.25.10.2 DeLong diagram.Figure 3.16.2 Various types of cable connectors, and ground clamp. Pictures Cour...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.3.1 Typical GMAW welding.Figure 4.4.1 A GMAW operator welding on an offshore pipeline.Figure 4.4.1.1 Short circuit transfer (arc-action and cycle).Figure 4.4.1.2 Current voltage range for various transfer mode.Figure 4.11.1 Typical GMAW (MIG) welding set up with the external wire feed unit...Figure 4.12.1 A typical GMAW torch with trigger type on-off switch on the handle...Figure 4.12.2 Blow out of the GMAW torch that shows some of the components that ...Figure 4.12.3 The GMAW torch and the cable connector.Figure 4.12.1.4 Copper and aluminum welding leads: note the number of fine wires...Figure 4.13.8.1 (a) Contour of a weld bead in the flat position with the work ho...Figure 4.13.12.1 WRC diagram.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.3.1 FCAW-S self-shielding tubular wire process.Figure 5.3.2 FCAW-G, gas shielding solid wire process.Figure 5.4.1 Typical FCAW setup.Figure 5.5.1 FCAW electrode classification system.Figure 5.8.7.2.1 Shows the metal transfer through the arc with CO₂ shielding on ...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.3.1 Schematic display of the SAW process.Figure 6.3.2 Shows the submerged arc welding of a plate.Figure 6.3.3 Shows the SAW of a pipe in a fabrication shop – note the arc and fl...Figure 6.3.4 Shows the completed pipe weld.Figure 6.3.5 Higher deposition rate of SAW process.Figure 6.6.1 Showing SAW process in progress on a pipe weld.Figure 6.6.2 Shows the collected flus for cleaning and reusing.Figure 6.7.1 Multi-wire SAW system.Figure 6.7.3 Tandem head strip wire SAW process for cladding.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Structure of the welding symbol.Figure 7.2 Welding symbol arrows.Figure 7.3 Welding symbol position of the arrows.Figure 7.4 Significance of the circle on the arrows.Figure 7.5 Symbols for type of welds.Figure 7.6 Symbol of fillet weld.Figure 7.7 Shows the side of the metal where the fillet weld is required to be m...Figure 7.8 Graphic and as built depiction of welds – note the weld sizes shown i...Figure 7.9 Shows the addition of the length of the weld to the symbol at the lef...Figure 7.10 Adding pitch of the weld.Figure 7.11 Symbols of various types of Groove Welds.Figure 7.12 Symbol of Sq. groove weld – note the annotation of root opening.Figure 7.13 Symbol and as built of V-groove welds, note how the root gap (openin...Figure 7.14 Shows the (1) depth of V groove on both sides of the weld, (2) shows...Figure 7.15 Shows the specific depth of the groove weld (effective throat) desir...Figure 7.16 Symbol of a bevel groove note which side of the plate is to be bevel...Figure 7.17 Shows U-groove symbol.Figure 7.18 Shows the J-groove symbol and the weld. Note the indicated depth of ...Figure 7.19 Symbol of Flare-V groove weld and as built weld.Figure 7.20 Symbol of and as built flare bevel and the weld.Figure 7.21 Shows the melt-thru weld.Figure 7.22 Shows the supplementary symbol of backing bar for the weld.Figure 7.23 Symbol of a plug weld.Figure 7.24 Shows symbols of plug and slot welds, with weld sizes, spacing and d...