Читать книгу Smart Grid Telecommunications - Ramon Ferrús - Страница 11

Preface

Electric power systems and telecommunications are two of the most basic services supporting our society. Their basic infrastructure nature draws similarities between them, including their high investments needs, their critical nature, and the high expectations over their service quality. However, there are also substantial differences such as the different role that regulation plays in both their technology evolution cycles and the service model.

Electric power systems and telecommunications converge in the Smart Grid concept, as the flagship of a more secure, reliable, resilient, and automated grid, offering a platform to allow a more flexible system model where new power systems technologies and stakeholders may interact, to provide an enhanced electricity service within a more efficient and dynamic power system. Telecommunications are both an enabler of the Smart Grid through the provision of connectivity services to the grid assets, and a system stakeholder that will benefit from this enhanced service.

The grid consists of substations connected with power lines. Substations spread through the territory in which electricity generation is transported and distributed to the customers, across different voltage levels. Transmission and Distribution System Operators rely on their Control Centers to manage electricity service delivery, making use of Information and Communication Technologies, to connect their central and distributed systems' applications, with the grid assets.

Telecommunications networks consist of equipment performing transport, switching, and routing functions over telecommunication media such as optical fiber, radio, and different metallic supporting cables, including power lines; they also integrate ancillary elements and information systems, to create highly resilient telecommunication systems. Telecommunication services are delivered as the final product of Telecommunication systems, and all sorts of end users employ them to remotely communicate people and machines.

Telecommunications have always been instrumental in utility operations. The connectivity to the pervasive and widespread utility assets has always been key to coordinate operation crews and monitor, control and automate the performance of individual grid components and the system as an entity. While trying to leverage commercially provided telecommunication services, utilities have developed private telecommunication networks to fulfill requirements intrinsic to the nature of the grid and the electricity service. On the one hand, environmental conditions and functional performance needs in the grid, vary depending on the underlying infrastructure (Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Point of Supply; substations; power lines; etc.), and a part of them cannot be supported over non‐adapted telecommunication networks and services. On the other, utilities have access to rights of way, physical assets, their own power lines as a telecommunication transmission medium, and electricity. These elements have allowed utilities to build their own telecommunication networks to fully comply with their real‐time mission‐critical needs. These infrastructures and networks have also eventually been used to support telecommunication services by the different fixed and mobile telecommunication systems operators. Thus, a symbiotic relationship exists between both infrastructures, especially relevant when discussing Smart Grids.

The trend in the utility sector is that utilities operate hybrid telecommunication networks. With these networks, utilities provide telecommunication services critical for their power system operation. These networks are hybrid in two aspects. First, they are a combination of private and public (commercial) networks and services, to take benefit from the best of the two domains: private networks can be designed and deployed to fully satisfy requirements, and public services are quick to deploy where requirements fit the needs. Second, different technologies, networks, systems, and telecommunication supporting media (wireline and wireless) are combined, to adapt to the different conditions of the Smart Grid services. All these telecommunications should be managed in an integral way, so that Smart Grid services can be successfully and efficiently deployed and operated.

Electric power systems and Telecommunications are complex functional domains with sophisticated elements that require expert knowledge. The operation of such complex systems increasingly depends on a diverse set of technical aspects and technologies that have usually been the realm of experts, each one in its knowledge field. The complexity of power systems and the complexity of Telecommunications meet and get augmented in the Smart Grid, as the intersection of both. The success in the decision‐making process when designing Smart Grid solutions depends on understanding the details of the underlying technologies and systems, so that the best combination of available solutions can be chosen within the goals and constraints of each Smart Grid vision.

This book has the ambition to provide a comprehensive view of the Smart Grid scenario, together with the Telecommunications that are needed to make it happen. The reader is accompanied in a journey around power systems and telecommunications, reaching Smart Grids. The first part of the journey shows the key general and technical aspects of electric power systems and their service needs in terms of their evolution into the Smart Grid. The second part of the journey shows the fundamentals of Telecommunications; it starts with the high‐level concepts and follows with the lower‐level details of how they are implemented, first at the lower layers of the telecommunication systems, and second in the upper layers' data exchange. The journey stops in several stations, covering the telecommunication systems applicable to Smart Grids, namely optical fiber networks, power line communication (PLC) systems, wireless cellular and wireless IoT systems. Each of these stops offers a selection of example use cases, where the specific group of technologies solves one representative Smart Grid need.

The book is organized in eight chapters.

Chapter 1 provides a view of electric power systems and highlights the relevant aspects and main challenges that determine their evolution into the Smart Grid.

Chapter 2 describes the key concepts and organization of telecommunication networks, systems, and services. It also introduces the fundamental aspects of key telecommunication media in Smart Grid (optical fiber, radio, and power lines).

Chapter 3 goes deep, while keeping descriptive, into the telecommunications framework, and clarifies the foundational technology aspects of telecommunications (analog vs. digital, modulation, medium access, propagation, etc.).

Chapter 4 focuses on data exchange, explaining and describing how telecommunication transport, switching, and routing functions work and are implemented in technologies used in Smart Grids.

Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive view of the different Smart Grid domains, and specifically describes the Smart Grid services, together with the protocols and relevant standards applicable to them.

Chapter 6 builds upon the optical fiber and the power lines, so important for utilities, to cover Passive Optical Networks and PLC technologies, with a focus on their role in the network access domain.

Chapter 7 details wireless cellular 4G and 5G technologies. Being the flagship of the pervasive mobile communications service, this chapter addresses their baseline concepts to get an understanding of the complexity and capabilities of these technologies.

Chapter 8 covers wireless IoT technologies, focusing on those that have an impact on Smart Grids. Zigbee, Wi‐SUN, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, LTE‐M, and NB‐IoT will be introduced.