Читать книгу Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society - Raymond Williams - Страница 27

Collective appeared in English as an adjective from C16 and as a noun from C17. It was mainly a specialized development from collect, fw collectus, L – gathered together (there is also a fw collecter, oF – to gather taxes or other money). Collective as an adjective was used from its earliest appearance to describe people acting together, or in such related phrases as collective body (Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, VIII, iv; 1600). Early uses of the noun were in grammar or in physical description. The social and political sense of a specific unit – ‘your brethren of the Collective’ (Cobbett, Rural Rides, II, 337; 1830) – belongs to the new DEMOCRATIC (q.v.) consciousness of eC19. This use has been revived in several subsequent periods, including mC20, but is still not common. Collectivism, used mainly to describe socialist economic theory, and only derivatively in the political sense of collective, became common in lC19; it was described in the 1880s as a recent word, though its use is recorded from the 1850s. In France the term was used in 1869 as a way of opposing ‘state socialism’.

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