Читать книгу Позитивные изменения. Том 3, № 3 (2023). Positive changes. Volume 3, Issue 3 (2023) - Редакция журнала «Позитивные изменения» - Страница 6

DOI 10.55140/2782–5817–2023–3–3–15–25

Starting September 1, 2023, a new educational module known as “Service Learning” has been introduced across 100 Russian universities. The concept is a brainchild of the collaboration between the experts from the Ministry of Education and Science, the Association of Volunteer Centers, and the Higher School of Economics. The trend of reshaping higher education institutions into socially-conscious entities, enabling students to actively contribute to societal progress, is rapidly gaining momentum worldwide. In this feature, we delve into the origins of this initiative that plays its role in nurturing both higher education and the nonprofit sector. We also explore the ongoing implementation of this methodology in Russia, along with valuable insights from key experts in the field, providing a glimpse into what lies ahead.

Tatiana Pechegina

Journalist

Alina Yashina

Deputy Chair of the Association of Volunteer Centers Council

ACADEMIC KNOWLEDGE + PRACTICAL SKILLS = PUBLIC GOOD

Over the past two to three decades, the transition of higher education institutions into multi-dimensional entities, embracing the third mission of societal development and resolution of pertinent socio-economic challenges, has become a global norm. Within this framework, specific programs have been tailored to support the realization of this third mission, often integrated into global university rankings on an international scale.

A central challenge in engaging universities within the realm of socially innovative endeavors, encompassing their third mission, is the harmonization of core educational and research objectives with the desired outcomes of social innovation. These outcomes could span new social services or initiatives. The foundational role of universities within society remains anchored in delivering a higher standard of education to students and faculty. While the third mission, which propels the development of a social innovation ecosystem, plays a secondary role, it somewhat competes alongside the primary missions. Distinctively, this mission, as well as social innovation development by universities in general, relies on collaboration, first and foremost with non-academic entities.[54]

Pragmatic pedagogical methods, exemplified by project-based learning, have proven the most effective in educating individuals about sustainable development. Student feedback consistently emphasizes their inclination towards practical applications. Collaborative endeavors involving universities and non-profit organizations (NGOs) play a pivotal role, with students actively participating in tangible and socially significant projects that remain etched in their memory for years. Achieving this transformation necessitates changes within universities, primarily through an internal metamorphosis where the university’s ideology and culture inherently embrace external partnerships and an aspiration to drive societal change and address social challenges. This paradigm shift is particularly significant in reshaping educators’ perspectives on the learning process.

SHAPING THE FUTURE HERE AND NOW

A fundamental component of the third mission, focusing on engagement with non-profit organizations and the creation of pathways for social initiatives, is service learning. This approach merges academic study with the cultivation of community-focused skills, entwining learning with practical application. This fosters the development of soft skills in students, that is, the competencies that go beyond the professional expertise and are crucial in the present landscape.

The concept of service learning draws inspiration from the social constructivism theories by Jean Piaget (Switzerland), John Dewey (USA), and Lev Vygotsky (USSR), who developed the concept of socialization underlying the modern education system. This approach champions the notion of actively shaping the future in the present, placing individual values and interests at the heart of the construct, mobilizing the individual’s willpower and responsibility.[55]

Globally, service learning has evolved into a customary practice, garnering official government-level endorsements. Noteworthy examples include Great Britain, Nigeria, Argentina, Portugal, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, and Spain, where civic and social service courses thrive within the educational framework, and the respective institutions organize the volunteering activities of school and university students in community centers, etc. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) incorporates a corresponding track across its curriculum, enabling students to consistently engage with social initiatives embedded in educational programs and courses.

Service learning represents an educational technology and pedagogical practice that blends the areas of learning and community service through tangible projects. In these collaborative endeavors, students work alongside representatives from the non-profit sector to address real-world cases aimed at the betterment of the surrounding environment – in a broader sense. In simple terms, it means the practical implementation of educational initiatives which contain social good.[56] This approach stimulates the student’s interest in discovering their individual uniqueness and plays a pivotal role in shaping their value framework. Ultimately, it exerts a direct influence on personal development and the trajectory of an individual’s life.

THE STATE EMBRACES THE PATH OF SERVICE LEARNING

Currently, the focus of state attention in Russia is shifting towards a practical and worldview-oriented approach to education. This approach facilitates the application of academic knowledge within real social contexts to address society’s pertinent challenges. A crucial element of this process involves close collaboration with nonprofits to address genuine issues affecting people and society at large.

As of September 1, 2023, systematic efforts have been launched to foster collaboration between universities and the social sector. Towards the end of the previous year, the President of the Russian Federation issued the relevant directive.[57] The endeavor of incorporating the “Service Learning” module into higher education curricula materialized through a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the Ministry of Labor of Russia, Rosmolodezh, and the Association of Volunteer Centers (AVC).

Explaining this initiative, Olga Petrova, Deputy Minister of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, commented, “Our goal is to propose implementation formats that seamlessly integrate with educational programs. Various universities have already integrated this module, with a considerable number of students displaying a distinct interest in service, evidenced by their participation in initiatives like #WeAreTogether, Dobro.Centers, and patriotic clubs such as #IAmProud, along with active involvement in volunteer activities.”[58]

Artem Metelev, Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Youth Policy and Chair of the Association of Volunteer Centers, elucidates why it was AVC that was tasked with developing and integrating the “Service Learning” course into higher education programs. Since 2014, the organization has been collaboratively advancing the infrastructure supporting the volunteer movement, while proposing, lobbying and implementing specialized legislative initiatives. Additionally, they have crafted methodological guidelines and standards for volunteer activities across various domains. In 2020, AVC published the “Service Learning” methodological manual, offering insights into the essence, objectives, principles, content, methods, and forms of this educational methodology that cultivates social responsibility. It also outlines steps for its implementation within educational and community organizations. Ultimately, this guide was endorsed by the Ministry of Education of Russia and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for integration into educational institutions.

THE PRECURSORS TO CREATING THE COURSE

The decision to spotlight service learning as a distinct facet of university endeavors stems, firstly, from established foreign practices, according to Elena Isaeva, Director of the Center for the Development of the Third Mission at Yaroslavl State University. Secondly, contemporary Russia emphasizes the non-profit sector at the state level. “Hence, omitting the humanitarian component of the non-profit sector from the educational process and excluding representatives of NGOs from higher education – especially when fostering genuine citizenship – is, in my view, misguided,” Isaeva asserts.

A third pivotal factor, as she emphasizes, is the activism of advocates for this technology, who have presented and substantiated its relevance. Notable entities such as Vladimir Potanin Foundation, the Higher School of Economics, the Association of Volunteer Centers, and representatives from resource centers of NGOs in Russia have played a significant role. “In my view, the time has come when the significance of this technology has become evident to the relevant ministry. Timing is crucial,” the expert notes. “It relies on the development of the non-profit sector to an appropriate level and the state’s preparedness to support this direction.”

Dmitry Zemtsov, Vice-Rector of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, believes that service learning practices have existed in Russia for a considerable period of time. However, never before have they been collectively consolidated into a coherent concept. Examples include legal clinics, medical student volunteering, and more. In recent years, experts have increasingly debated the applicability of metaphors like “ivory tower” or “human resources factory” to contemporary universities. Today’s universities are expected not only to address educational and scientific challenges, but also to participate actively and responsibly in social life. In this context, service learning empowers students to translate the acquired knowledge into action, utilizing their professional competencies for societal welfare.

“A consensus has emerged in the global research community that service learning is an effective technology both for nurturing professionals and cultivating civic responsibility and societal concern within students. Thus, today it is not enough for universities to only provide quality education to young people. The modern higher education landscape demands a comprehensive approach that shapes individual identities with a well-defined value system, ethical compass, and moral principles of young professionals,” emphasizes Dmitry Zemtsov.

Presently, higher education is plagued with a structural discrepancy that can be seen from research: a substantial three-quarters of students voice the scarcity of practical application amidst an abundance of theoretical learning in universities, observes Artem Metelev.

“The economy’s momentum outpaces the educational sector’s stride. The methodology of service learning, on the one hand, bridges the gap between reality and academia, interlinking the two realms, and, on the other hand, harnesses students’ vigor and creativity, channeling them towards addressing social dilemmas. What is notable about this practice is that it transcends mere instruction in assisting people; it cultivates students’ professional competencies with a focus on tackling specific societal challenges – the very issues that will define their journey forward, cementing their role as sought-after professionals and engaged citizens,” asserts the expert.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING

Since 2018, AVC has been collaborating with universities on programs fostering volunteerism within the educational framework, thereby incorporating the pivotal tenets of service learning. In accordance with the Service Learning guidebook, published by AVC in 2020, the pedagogical approach to this form of training entails:[59]

1) Active involvement of every participant in the conceptualization, execution, and assessment of social initiatives;

2) Forging links between actual life experiences and an adaptable, open learning framework;

3) Transforming the educator’s role into that of a mentor and critic, fostering a dynamic perspective;

4) Establishing an educational environment that facilitates access to information technology. This approach attains maximum efficacy through integration:

• in a flexible format into various phases of education, starting from the freshman year. Its implementation ranges from individual disciplines dedicated to devising and executing community projects, all the way to realizing graduation projects in tandem with specific social partners;

• in the format of internships, practical courses, and elective subjects, enabling students to immerse themselves in resolving issues of social significance throughout their academic journey.

In 2022, AVC also introduced a practical manual aimed at embedding the methodology within universities. This resource provides insights into integrating service learning into the educational process and integrating the practice into the Dobro. Centers program, an instrumental player in this model, uniting universities and the local community. Moreover, the “Service Learning” educational course was unveiled on the Dobro.University platform, drawing participation from nearly 2,000 people. In 2023, the prestigious #WEARETOGETHER International Awards introduced a dedicated Service Learning category along with a special accolade recognizing Mentoring of the Year.

Dmitry Zemtsov, Vice-Rector of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, asserts that the Russian education system offers versatile avenues for assimilating the practices of service learning into the educational landscape. Universities can make the execution of social projects by students an integral part of the curricular work, incorporate elective modules aimed at resolving societal predicaments, and integrate relevant educational subjects into their curricula.

Furthermore, universities can corroborate a student’s engagement in socially impactful projects during their tenure through a verified diploma supplement or resume. Another compelling option involves forging alliances between universities and socially-oriented organizations, thus driving students to directly participate in projects and initiatives. “For instance, at the Higher School of Economics, students can partake in the Rediscovering Russia expedition, immersing themselves in regional challenges. They can prepare term papers and graduate theses focused on societal issues, eventually receiving a diploma supplement highlighting their contribution to socially meaningful endeavors,” underscores Zemtsov.

ENGAGEMENT IN SOCIETAL AFFAIRS

As highlighted earlier, the core essence of service learning revolves around the symbiotic relationship between universities and non-profit organizations (NGOs).

In today’s world, the youth demographic stands as a wellspring of myriad social initiatives, since the younger generation has a desire to effect positive change is wholeheartedly inclined to actively partake in the dynamics of society, Artem Metelev believes.

At this moment, the pivotal juncture for meaningful collaboration between universities and non-profit entities should not be overlooked, underscores Elena Isaeva. This is because higher education institutions embody the final bastion where an individual’s core values can be shaped. As such, it would be shortsighted to merely impart professional competencies to students, neglecting the cultivation of patriotism, civic responsibility, and broader philosophical perspectives.

“NGO leaders, being the most active proponents of the right cause, wield the potential to profoundly influence the development of civic character on an emotional level,” affirms Isaeva. “No one can resonate with the depths of the human soul quite like an NGO leader who herself is a mother to a differently-abled child. Her motivations transcend mere remuneration; her commitment arises from an unshakeable conviction that a different path in life is inconceivable, and she dedicates herself to alleviating the challenges faced by her child and those akin to him or her. Consequently, the integration of authentic, environment-born projects into the educational process is of paramount significance, as opposed to relying on contrived academic constructs.”

“We are currently at the stage of fostering a partnership culture between NGOs and universities. The data from the Presidential Grants Fund substantiates a burgeoning landscape where thousands of projects feature universities collaborating with NGOs,” remarks Artem Shadrin, Director of the Institute of Socio-Economic Design at the National Research University Higher School of Economics.

The scope of collaboration between universities and NGOs is extensive, spanning:

• The inclusion of nonprofits in the development and execution of educational programs: teaching, internships, practical experiences, and the establishment of collaborative structural units resembling foundational departments;

• The implementation of joint volunteer initiatives, involving not just students but also university staff;

• The orchestration of analytical research and the assessment of socio-economic outcomes for NGOs by universities;

• Collaboration in the execution of supplementary professional education programs and online courses;

• Allocation of dedicated spaces;

• Joint participation in formulating strategic developmental blueprints for territories, for instance, within the framework of “boiling point” initiatives, and much more.

PREREQUISITES FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION

In Artem Metelev’s perspective, the success of the “Service Learning” module hinges upon several factors:

1) The seamless amalgamation of theoretical education and hands-on societal involvement into a cohesive journey;

2) The cultivation and nourishment of partnerships between universities and NGOs;

3) The motivation of students to actively engage in resolving tangible social issues and challenges;

4) The formation of university-based teams comprising educators, methodologists, and proactive students, united in implementing the methodology;

5) The stimulation of regional NGOs to actively solicit their projects on the DOBRO.RF platform;

6) The expansion of students’ opportunities to partake in practice-oriented education and instilling in them a sense of solidarity towards the predicaments of others.

“Thus, after receiving knowledge in the classroom, students can leave the university grounds and venture forth to extend assistance, implement social initiatives, undergo internships, and actively contribute. In this dynamic, they effectively embody the role of both volunteers and aspirants seeking practical experience within their field of expertise.” – notes the expert.

Elena Isaeva postulates that one of the unique characteristics of implementing this technology in Russia is that not all universities have accumulated experience in collaborating with the non-profit sector. Additionally, a framework for rewarding staff members who are also members of NGOs is yet to be established. Thus, many universities will face initial challenges, necessitating them to identify suitable NGO partners, discern genuine endeavors from superficial ones, and ascertain whether it actually works. In this pursuit, reliance on regional resource centers and public chambers will be crucial, coupled with the establishment of agreements with those NGOs genuinely committed to channeling live, authentic projects for student involvement, as well as direct introduction of the service learning implementation supervisors with representatives of the regional non-profit sector.

“If service learning is being implemented for all student specializations, then the palette of NGOs involved in the learning process should be as broad as possible. That is why it is necessary to teach universities and NGOs to trust each other – to encourage a perspective that envisions universities as partners rather than mere talent incubators,” emphasizes Elena Isaeva.

This collaborative engagement between universities and the non-profit sector makes transformation inevitable, the expert says. It is paramount for both partners to recognize and embrace the benefits of it, approaching the partnership not as a mere obligation.

“If the implementation of service learning is set to continue for the long term (and we can anticipate that the technology will be piloted, refined, and eventually become commonplace), the process will undoubtedly come with its fair share of challenges. Therefore, it is crucial for the university to have a supportive partner – whether it be a public chamber or a resource center – that can explain the specifics of NGOs and guide their actions,” summarizes Elena Isaeva.

According to her, introducing service learning in freshman years is not advisable, given that students are still to acquire their professional skills. The primary objective of this technology is to bridge the gap between the acquired professional skills and real-life situations, which are presented to students for exploration under the guidance of a dedicated mentor. It is essential for the student to witness how their efforts contribute to improving people’s lives.

A TALE OF MUTUAL BENEFIT

All participants stand to gain from service learning: for students, this form of project-based engagement within their education motivates them to actively participate in the fabric of society. Not only does it help in building a positive image of the modern young citizen, but it also tangibly factors the results of such endeavors into their coursework and thesis projects. Universities, too, benefit from the implementation of this technology, as it promotes civic, personal, and professional development among students, enhances their academic performance, significantly elevates the social atmosphere within the institution, and transforms it into a vibrant hub within the local community, thereby improving its image. Social organizations, meanwhile, find that implementing service learning and collaborating with universities allows them to tap into a talent pool that universities build. This partnership offers resources ranging from essential research and tangible support to manpower.

It’s imperative, highlights Elena Isaeva, that the interaction strategy proves advantageous for both sides. “For the non-profit sector, this entails securing a large, reliable partner with a strong reputation and pursuing further joint projects in line with the university’s third mission. Universities, on the other hand, are keen on developing volunteering initiatives, enriching students’ extracurricular activities and the university’s event roster. This makes the university a consistent attendee at NGO fairs, civic forums, or hosting NGO events on campus – fostering meaningful involvement of both students and staff in socially significant activities and expanding their horizons.”

Artem Shadrin, Director of the Institute of Socio-Economic Design at the National Research University Higher School of Economics, perceives service learning as an intriguing narrative illustrating the real-world demand for applied project-based learning in implementing socially-focused projects. This approach empowers students to cultivate their hard and soft skills while motivating them with impactful, socially relevant outcomes stemming from their projects.[60] Non-profit organizations, on their part, derive substantial added value from partnerships with universities.

He emphasizes that the service learning format – where universities can genuinely support NGOs – facilitates networking, deepens relationships, and shapes a broader collaborative agenda. For universities adhering to the principles of project-based learning, it is imperative to offer engaging, motivating, and enriching tasks that foster professional growth. NGO leaders and staff members, frequently enthusiastic and charismatic individuals, provide an enriching experience for students, which is an added asset for universities, enabling them to attract top-notch candidates.

“In essence, this narrative centers on mutual benefit, making the task of nurturing such collaborations all the more relevant,” Shadrin elaborates.

“Interestingly, project-based learning has a strong history in our country’s engineering field. During the era of planned economies, engineering students would engage in real, functional projects as part of their education. Today, this approach to applied project-based learning is expanding into the realms of social sciences and humanities.”

Thus, over the past few years, more than a hundred universities across the country have adopted the format of legal clinics, where law students offer pro bono legal advice to citizens in need of legal guidance. At Saint Petersburg State University, besides legal clinics, there are 15 other clinics in various domains,[61] such as social work, education, psychological counseling, all under the umbrella of the “clinical practice” framework.[62]

“In a similar vein, students from faculties such as economics and media communications can provide invaluable assistance to NGOs by crafting marketing and communication strategies. Students in IT can lend their expertise to configure information systems, while architecture, design, urban planning, and sociology students can contribute to the realization of land improvement projects. The possibilities are vast, and they extend to enlightenment initiatives for schoolchildren across the spectrum of natural sciences, humanities, engineering, and social studies. With numerous fields aligned to students’ professional pursuits, each offering a significant impact, service learning serves as a conduit for practically boundless self-realization within socially beneficial endeavors,” summarizes Artem Shadrin.

WORKING ON TOMORROW

The partitioning of service learning into a distinct domain and its systematic, deliberate integration into Russia’s educational landscape has become a necessity. This isn’t driven by fleeting trends or a momentary wave – it is an organic adaptation to an evolving world, where the consciousness of every individual holds newfound value. Much like the typewriter yielded to modern marvels like computers, smartphones, and the internet, envisioning a higher education institution untouched by educational technologies that pivot on humanism and align with contemporary values is becoming increasingly challenging. To be more precise, one definitely could imagine such an institution, but it would inevitably pale in comparison to its peers, those that grasp new currents and embed them in their curricula.

While ongoing debates continue to surface – should service learning be included into a core curriculum or remain elective? Should it be lifelong learning or not? Is it necessary to expose every student to this narrative? Can multidisciplinary pursuits harmonize within such pedagogy? Which thrives – collective collaboration or personalized approaches? Whose impetus should drive this initiative? and more – regardless of these unresolved questions, the wheels of progress are in motion, and they are spinning with vigor. As for what lies ahead (and service learning fundamentally revolves around forging pathways with the future), we will find out soon!