| “ Battle of Nicopolis | 193, 322, 504 |
| |
| 1397. The three Scandinavian kingdoms accept the Union of Kalmar | 443 |
| |
| 1398. Meeting of Wenzel and Charles VI. of France at Rheims | 194 |
| |
| 1399. Gian Galeazzo obtains rule in Pisa and Siena | 181 |
| |
| “ Ladislas, son of Charles III., finally secures crown of Naples against Louis II. of Anjou | 155, 266 |
| |
| 1399. Revolution in England. Accession of Henry IV. (of Lancaster) | 325 |
| |
| 1400. A party of German princes depose Wenzel and elect a rival King of the Romans, Rupert III. | 181, 195 |
| |
| 1401. Battle of Brescia (Oct. 24): Milanese troops rout the forces of Rupert III. | 181, 196 |
| |
| 1402. Death of Gian Galeazzo Visconti (Sept. 3) | 181, 241 |
| |
| “ Battle of Angora: Timour defeats the Turks and captures Bajazet I. Constantinople saved for the time | 505 |
| |
| 1404. Death of Philip the Bold of Burgundy. Succeeded by John the Fearless | 322 |
| |
| “ Death of Boniface IX. Election of Innocent VII. | 187 |
| |
| “ Venice allied with Milan against Francesco Carrara | 245 |
| |
| 1405. Death of Innocent VII. Election of Gregory XII. | 187 |
| |
| “ Venice acquires Verona and Padua | 245 |
| |
| “ Death of Timour or Tamerlane, the Tartar leader | 505 |
| |
| 1406. Pisa subjected to Florence (Oct. 9) | 244 |
| |
| “ Death of Henry III. of Castile, and accession of John II. | 475 |
| |
| 1407. Assassination of Louis of Orleans in Paris | 322 |
| |
| 1408. Ladislas of Naples occupies Rome | 266 |
| |
| 1409. Council of Pisa. Election of a third Pope, Alexander V. | 199 |
| |
| “ Exodus of Germans from Prague | 210 |
| |
| “ Death of Martin the Younger. Sicily passes to his father, Martin I. of Aragon | 482 |
| |
| 1410. Outbreak of civil war between Burgundians and Armagnacs in France | 326 |
| |
| “ Death of Pope Alexander V. Election of John XXIII. | 201 |
| |
| “ Death of Rupert III., King of the Romans | 201 |
| |
| “ Double election of Sigismund (Sept.) and Jobst (Oct.) | 203 |
| |
| “ Recovery of Rome from Ladislas of Naples | 267 |
| |
| “ Battle of Tannenberg: defeat of the Teutonic knights by the Poles | 460 |
| |
| “ Death of Martin I., King of Aragon and Sicily. Disputed succession | 483 |
| |
| 1411. Death of Jobst of Moravia (Jan. 12) | 203 |
| |
| “ Sigismund again elected King of the Romans | 204 |
| |
| “ The Cabochiens supreme in Paris | 327 |
| |
| “ Ladislas defeated by papal and Angevin forces at Rocca-Secca | 267 |
| |
| “ Peace of Thorn between Poland and the Teutonic Order | 461 |
| |
| 1412. Assassination of Gian Maria Visconti. Filippo Maria rules in Milan | 246 |
| |
| 1412. Death of Margaret, ‘the Union Queen.’ Accession of Eric of Pomerania, in the Scandinavian kingdoms | 444 |
| |
| “ Crowns of Aragon and Sicily given to Ferdinand I. (of Castilian house of Trastamara) | 483 |
| |
| 1413. The Armagnacs seize Paris and put down the Cabochiens | 327 |
| |
| “ Ladislas of Naples drives John XXIII. from Rome | 267 |
| |
| “ Mohammed I. reunites the Ottoman dominions | 505 |
| |
| 1414. Defeat of the Burgundians. Treaty of Arras | 327 |
| |
| “ Death of Ladislas of Naples. Accession of Joanna II. | 205, 267 |
| |
| “ Meeting of the Council of Constance | 205, 211 |
| |
| 1415. Henry V. invades France. Capture of Harfleur (Sept. 22). Battle of Agincourt | 328 |
| |
| “ Deposition of John XXIII. at Constance (May 29) | 216 |
| |
| “ Sigismund gives Brandenburg to Frederick of Hohenzollern | 216 |
| |
| “ John Hus put to death at Constance (July 6) | 217 |
| |
| “ Sigismund leaves Constance to travel through Europe | 217 |
| |
| “ Spanish kings abandon Benedict XIII. and adhere to the Council of Constance | 218 |
| |
| 1416. Death of Ferdinand I. of Aragon and Sicily. Succeeded by Alfonso V. | 484 |
| |
| 1417. Sigismund returns to Constance | 219 |
| |
| “ Election of Pope Martin V. ends the schism | 220 |
| |
| “ Death of Louis II. of Anjou, unsuccessful claimant to Naples | 269 |
| |
| “ Death of Maso degli Albizzi, leader of the Florentine oligarchs | 289 |
| |
| “ Henry V. renews the invasion of Normandy | 331 |
| |
| 1418. Dissolution of the Council of Constance | 220 |
| |
| “ Burgundians seize Paris from the Armagnacs | 331 |
| |
| 1419. Death of Wenzel. Vacancy of Bohemian throne | 224 |
| |
| “ Fall of Rouen completes the English conquest of Normandy | 331 |
| |
| “ Assassination of John the Fearless at Montereau (Sept. 10) | 332 |
| |
| “ Philip the Good, who succeeds to the Burgundian dominions, allies himself closely with England | 332 |
| |
| 1420. Martin V. publishes a crusade against the Hussites | 225 |
| |
| “ Treaty of Troyes (May 21) gives the regency and the succession in France to Henry V. | 332 |
| |
| “ The Hussites in Bohemia formulate the ‘four articles of Prag’ | 223 |
| |
| 1421. Martin V. re-enters Rome with the help of the Colonnas | 221 |
| |
| “ Battle of Baugé: defeat and death of Thomas of Clarence | 333 |
| |
| “ Death of Mohammed I. Succeeded by Amurath II. | 506 |
| |
| 1422. Death of Albert III., the last Ascanian Elector of Saxony | 226 |
| |
| “ Establishment of the house of Wettin in Saxony | 226 |
| |
| “ Death of Henry V. of England (Aug. 31), and accession of Henry VI. | 333 |
| |
| “ Death of Charles VI. of France. Succeeded in the north by Henry VI., in the south by Charles VII. | 333 |
| |
| “ Attempted reform of military and financial system in Germany | 227 |
| |
| 1423. English and Burgundian victory at Crevant | 337 |
| |
| “ Francesco Foscari becomes Doge of Venice | 249 |
| |
| 1424. John, Duke of Bedford, defeats French and Scots at Verneuil | 337 |
| |
| “ Gloucester marries Jacqueline of Hainault and quarrels with Philip of Burgundy | 337 |
| |
| “ Death of the Hussite leader, John Ziska | 225 |
| |
| 1425. Death of Manuel II., and accession of John VI. in Constantinople | 506 |
| |
| “ Bedford recalled to England by quarrel of Gloucester and Beaufort | 338 |
| |
| “ League of Florence and Venice against Filippo Maria Visconti | 249 |
| |
| 1426. Venice acquires Brescia from Milan | 249 |
| |
| 1427. Defeat of fourth crusade against the Hussites. Proposed constitutional reforms in Germany | 227 |
| |
| 1428. Siege of Orleans by English and Burgundians | 340 |
| |
| “ Venice acquires Bergamo from Milan | 249 |
| |
| 1429. Jeanne Darc raises siege of Orleans (April 19) | 341 |
| |
| “ Charles VI. crowned at Rheims | 341 |
| |
| 1430. Jeanne Darc captured at Compiègne | 344 |
| |
| 1431. Trial and execution (May 28) of Jeanne Darc | 345 |
| |
| “ Death of Martin V., and election of Eugenius IV. | 229 |
| |
| “ Meeting of the Council of Basel | 229 |
| |
| “ Utter failure of the fifth crusade against the Hussites | 228 |
| |
| “ Venetian reverses in the war with Milan | 250 |
| |
| 1432. Death of Bedford’s wife, Anne of Burgundy | 346 |
| |
| “ Trial and execution of Carmagnola | 250 |
| |
| “ Bedford marries Jacquetta of Luxemburg | 346 |
| |
| “ Quarrel between Eugenius IV. and Council of Basel | 230 |
| |
| “ Sigismund crowned Emperor in Rome | 230 |
| |
| 1433. Eugenius IV., driven from Rome to Florence, is compelled to recognise the Council of Basel | 231 |
| |
| “ The Compactata arranged between the Hussites and the Council | 231 |
| |
| 1433. Exile of Cosimo de’ Medici from Florence | 293 |
| |
| 1434. Defeat of the Taborites at the battle of Lipan | 233 |
| |
| “ Fall of the Albizzi in Florence. Recall of Cosimo de’ Medici, and establishment of Medicean ascendency | 294 |
| |
| 1435. Treaty of Arras between Philip the Good and Charles VII. | 347 |
| |
| “ Death of Bedford | 348 |
| |
| “ Death of Joanna II. of Naples. Disputed succession between Alfonso V. of Aragon and Réné of Provence | 271 |
| |
| 1436. Loss of Paris by the English | 350 |
| |
| “ Sigismund at last obtains the Bohemian crown | 233 |
| |
| 1437. Renewed quarrel between Eugenius IV. and the Council of Basel | 235 |
| |
| “ Death of Sigismund. Albert V. of Austria succeeds in Hungary and Bohemia | 398 |
| |
| 1438. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | 237 |
| |
| “ Election of Albert II. (Albert V. of Austria) as King of the Romans | 399 |
| |
| “ Council at Ferrara, transferred to Florence | 236 |
| |
| 1439. States-General of Orleans issue the Ordonnance sur la Gendarmerie | 352 |
| |
| “ Pragmatic Sanction of Mainz | 237 |
| |
| “ Death of Albert II. (Oct. 27) | 401 |
| |
| “ Union of Greek and Latin Churches agreed to at Florence | 236 |
| |
| “ Deposition of Eugenius IV. by the Council of Basel | 238 |
| |
| “ Election of anti-pope Felix V. | 238 |
| |
| 1440. The Praguerie in France | 354 |
| |
| “ Election of Frederick III. as King of the Romans | 402 |
| |
| “ Ladislas Postumus becomes Duke of Austria and King of Bohemia | 409 |
| |
| “ The Hungarians elect Ladislas III. of Poland | 409 |
| |
| “ ‘Prussian League’ formed in opposition to the Teutonic Order | 463 |
| |
| 1441. Peace between Milan and Venice. Venice keeps Brescia and Bergamo | 251 |
| |
| “ Venice acquires possession of Ravenna | 251 |
| |
| 1442. Alfonso V. of Aragon finally secures the crown of Naples | 271 |
| |
| “ Death of Blanche of Navarre. Her husband, John of Aragon, keeps the crown, excluding his son, Charles of Viana | 485 |
| |
| 1443. Eugenius IV. returns to Rome | 239 |
| |
| 1444. Battle of Varna. Death of Ladislas of Poland and Hungary | 410, 508 |
| |
| 1445. Organisation of standing army in France | 354 |
| |
| “ Ladislas Postumus accepted as King of Hungary | 410 |
| |
| “ Æneas Sylvius arranges terms between Frederick III. and Eugenius IV. | 240 |
| |
| “ Marriage of Henry VI. of England with Margaret of Anjou | 356 |
| |
| 1446. Banishment of the dauphin Louis to Dauphiné | 358 |
| |
| 1447. Death of Eugenius IV. (Feb. 23), and election of Nicolas V. | 241, 272 |
| |
| “ Death of Filippo Maria Visconti. Republic in Milan | 252 |
| |
| 1448. Nicolas V. approves concordat with Germany | 241, 273 |
| |
| “ Death of John VI. Succeeded by Constantine Palæologus | 509 |
| |
| “ Death of Christopher vacates the three Scandinavian crowns | 446 |
| |
| “ Swedes elect Karl Knudson | 446 |
| |
| “ Christian I. (of Oldenburg) becomes King of Denmark | 446 |
| |
| 1449. Dissolution of the Council of Basel | 241 |
| |
| “ Renewal of war in France. Invasion of Normandy by the French | 357 |
| |
| 1450. Grand jubilee in Rome | 242, 273 |
| |
| “ Francesco Sforza makes himself master of Milan | 253 |
| |
| “ Disorder in England. Rising of Jack Cade | 357 |
| |
| “ Loss of Normandy by the English | 357 |
| |
| “ Christian I. of Denmark obtains crown of Norway | 446 |
| |
| 1451. French conquest of Guienne | 357 |
| |
| “ Death of Amurath II. Succeeded by Mohammed II. | 508 |
| |
| 1452. Frederick III. crowned Emperor in Rome | 411 |
| |
| “ Ladislas Postumus released from tutelage by Frederick III. | 411 |
| |
| 1453. Capture of Constantinople by Mohammed II. (May 29) | 509 |
| |
| “ Battle of Castillon (July 17). The English retain only Calais | 358 |
| |
| “ Civil war in Prussia leads to Polish invasion | 464 |
| |
| 1454. Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan | 253 |
| |
| “ Venice concludes a treaty with the Turks | 254 |
| |
| “ Death of John II. of Castile. Succeeded by Henry IV. (‘The Impotent’) | 476 |
| |
| 1455. Death of Nicolas V. Election of Calixtus III. | 274 |
| |
| “ Beginning of the Wars of the Roses in England | 238 |
| |
| 1456. Mohammed II. repulsed from Belgrade | 411 |
| |
| “ Death of Hungarian leader, John Hunyadi | 411 |
| |
| “ The dauphin Louis, driven from Dauphiné by his father, takes refuge in the Burgundian dominions | 359 |
| |
| 1457. Compulsory abdication of Francesco Foscari in Venice | 254 |
| |
| “ Death of Ladislas Postumus. Austria passes to the Styrian branch of the Hapsburgs | 414 |
| |
| 1457. Karl Knudson driven from Sweden. Coronation of Christian I. reunites the three Scandinavian kingdoms | 447 |
| |
| 1458. Death of Alfonso V. Aragon, Sicily, and Sardinia pass to his brother, John II.; Naples to his natural son, Ferrante | 275, 484 |
| |
| “ Election of Mathias Corvinus in Hungary | 414 |
| |
| “ Election of George Podiebrad in Bohemia | 414 |
| |
| “ Death of Calixtus III. Election of Pius II. | 276 |
| |
| “ Servia conquered by the Turks | 511 |
| |
| 1459. Futile congress at Mantua to arrange a crusade against the Turks | 276 |
| |
| “ Death of Adolf, Count of Holstein and Duke of Schleswig | 447 |
| |
| 1460. John of Calabria revives the Angevin claim to Naples | 277 |
| |
| “ Pius II. issues the bull Execrabilis | 277, 407 |
| |
| “ Turkish conquest of the Morea | 511 |
| |
| “ Death of Prince Henry the Navigator | 491 |
| |
| “ Christian I., King of Denmark, etc., obtains Schleswig and Holstein | 447 |
| |
| 1461. Death of Charles VII. of France, and accession of Louis XI. | 361 |
| |
| “ Death of Charles of Viana. Rising in Catalonia against John II. of Aragon | 486 |
| |
| “ Mohammed II. subdues the empire of Trebizond | 513 |
| |
| “ Yorkist victory at Towton, and accession of Edward IV. in England | 244 |
| |
| 1462. John II. of Aragon, hard pressed by Catalans, cedes Roussillon and Cerdagne to Louis XI. | 389, 486 |
| |
| “ Conquest of Wallachia by the Turks | 511 |
| |
| “ Turkish conquests in the Ægean | 512 |
| |
| 1463. Venice decides to go to war with the Turks | 255, 512 |
| |
| 1464. Genoa subjected to Milan | 260 |
| |
| “ John of Calabria leaves Naples | 278 |
| |
| “ Death of Pius II. at Ancona. Election of Paul II. | 280 |
| |
| “ Death of Cosimo de’ Medici | 299 |
| |
| “ Conquest of Bosnia by the Turks | 511 |
| |
| 1465. War of the Public Weal in France | 365 |
| |
| “ Louis XI. enters Paris after the battle of Montlhéri | 366 |
| |
| “ Conclusion of the Treaty of Conflans | 367 |
| |
| 1466. Death of Francesco Sforza. Succeeded by Galeazzo Maria | 261 |
| |
| “ Conspiracy in Florence against Piero de’ Medici | 300 |
| |
| “ Treaty of Thorn: West Prussia ceded to Poland, and East Prussia retained by Teutonic Order as a Polish fief | 465 |
| |
| 1467. Death of Scanderbeg, the defender of Albania against the Turks | 256 |
| |
| 1467. Death of Philip the Good, and accession of Charles the Bold | 369 |
| |
| 1468. Interview at Péronne between Louis XI. and Charles the Bold | 370 |
| |
| “ Rebellion in Liége forces Louis to make treaty of Péronne | 371 |
| |
| “ War between Hungary and Bohemia | 415 |
| |
| 1469. Death of Piero de’ Medici. Lorenzo becomes practically lord of Florence | 302 |
| |
| “ Charles the Bold acquires Alsace and the Breisgau from Sigismund of Tyrol | 377 |
| |
| “ Death of John of Calabria | 486 |
| |
| “ Marriage of Isabella of Castile to Ferdinand of Aragon | 477 |
| |
| “ Margaret, daughter of Christian I., marries James III. of Scotland | 448 |
| |
| 1470. Warwick and Clarence driven from England to France. Reconciliation of Warwick with Margaret of Anjou | 372 |
| |
| “ Renewed war between Louis XI. and Charles the Bold | 374 |
| |
| 1471. Edward IV. of England defeats his opponents at Barnet (April 14) and Tewkesbury (May) | 373 |
| |
| “ Death of George Podiebrad. Bohemians elect Ladislas, son of Casimir IV. of Poland | 416, 465 |
| |
| “ Death of Paul II. Election of Sixtus IV. | 281 |
| |
| “ Constitutional changes in Florence strengthen the Medici | 303 |
| |
| 1472. Death of Charles of Guienne (May 24) | 376 |
| |
| “ Truce between Louis XI. and Charles the Bold | 376 |
| |
| “ Altered policy of Charles the Bold | 376 |
| |
| “ John II. takes Barcelona and puts down the Catalan rebellion | 486 |
| |
| 1473. Death of Nicolas of Calabria. Charles the Bold’s aggressions in Lorraine | 378 |
| |
| “ Interview at Trier between Charles the Bold and Frederick III. | 378, 404 |
| |
| 1474. Charles the Bold lays siege to Neuss | 378 |
| |
| “ The Swiss stirred into hostility to Charles the Bold | 379 |
| |
| “ Death of Henry IV. of Castile. Accession of Isabella | 477 |
| |
| 1475. Edward IV. invades France. Treaty of Pecquigni | 381 |
| |
| “ Charles the Bold overruns Lorraine | 381 |
| |
| “ Execution of the Constable St. Pol | 383 |
| |
| 1476. Charles the Bold undertakes to chastise the Swiss. Battles of Granson (March 2) and Morat (June 22) | 384 |
| |
| “ Murder of Gian Galeazzo Sforza in Milan | 261 |
| |
| 1477. Death of Charles the Bold before Nanci (Jan. 5) | 386 |
| |
| “ Louis XI. occupies Burgundy, Franche-Comté and Artois | 387 |
| |
| 1477. Mary of Burgundy married to Maximilian | 388 |
| |
| 1478. Conspiracy of the Pazzi in Florence | 282, 305 |
| |
| “ Florence at war with Naples and the Papacy | 282, 307 |
| |
| 1479. Death of John II. of Aragon. Succeeded by Ferdinand the Catholic, but Navarre passes to his daughter Eleanor | 487 |
| |
| “ Florentine reverses. Lorenzo de’ Medici goes to Naples | 308 |
| |
| “ Regency of Bona of Savoy in Milan overthrown by Ludovico Sforza | 262 |
| |
| “ Treaty of Constantinople ends the long war between Venice and the Turks | 256, 513 |
| |
| 1480. Occupation of Otranto by the Turks | 283, 310, 513 |
| |
| “ Florence makes peace with Naples and Sixtus IV. | 309 |
| |
| “ Important constitutional changes in Florence | 310 |
| |
| “ Death of Réné le Bon, succeeded by Charles of Maine | 389 |
| |
| 1481. Death of Mohammed II.. Evacuation of Otranto. Temporary decline of Turkish power | 513 |
| |
| “ Death of Charles of Maine enables Louis XI. to acquire Anjou, Maine, and Provence | 389 |
| |
| 1482. Death of Mary of Burgundy | 388 |
| |
| “ Treaty of Arras settles the Burgundian succession | 388 |
| |
| “ Venetian attack upon Ferrara | 257, 283 |
| |
| “ Coalition of Milan, Naples, and Florence against Venice and the Papacy | 257, 283 |
| |
| 1483. Death of Edward IV. of England | 388 |
| |
| “ Death of Louis XI. Accession of Charles VIII. Regency of Anne of Beaujeu | 390 |
| |
| “ Sixtus IV. deserts Venice and joins the hostile league | 284 |
| |
| 1484. Meeting of States-General at Tours | 391 |
| |
| “ Treaty of Bagnolo ends the Ferrarese war | 257, 284 |
| |
| “ Death of Sixtus IV., and election of Innocent VIII. | 284 |
| |
| “ War between Mathias Corvinus and Frederick III. | 416 |
| |
| 1485. Henry VII. establishes the Tudor dynasty in England | 391 |
| |
| “ Rising of Neapolitan barons against Ferrante. Offer of the crown to Réné of Lorraine | 286 |
| |
| “ Mathias Corvinus seizes Vienna | 417 |
| |
| 1486. Bartholomew Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope | 492 |
| |
| “ Maximilian elected King of the Romans in his father’s lifetime | 417 |
| |
| 1488. Death of Francis II. of Brittany. Succeeded by daughter Anne | 391 |
| |
| 1490. Death of Mathias Corvinus. Succeeded by Ladislas of Bohemia | 417 |
| |
| 1491. Anne of Brittany compelled to marry Charles VIII. | 392 |
| |
| “ Treaty of Pressburg, by which Maximilian recovered the Austrian territories which had been conquered by Mathias Corvinus | 417 |
| |
| “ End of the regency of Anne of Beaujeu | 392 |
| |
| 1492. Columbus discovers the new world of America | 492 |
| |
| “ Annexation of Moorish kingdom of Granada to Spain | 490 |
| |
| “ Death of Innocent VIII., and election of Alexander VI. | 287 |
| |
| “ Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici. Succeeded by Piero II. | 312 |
| |
| “ Henry VII. invades France, but is bought off by treaty of Étaples | 392 |
| |
| 1493. Bull of Alexander VI. dividing the new world between Spain and Portugal | 493 |
| |
| “ Treaty of Barcelona restores Roussillon and Cerdagne to Aragon | 392 |
| |
| “ Treaty of Senlis cedes Artois and Franche-Comté | 393 |
| |
| “ Neapolitan exiles, advised by Venice, and supported by Ludovico Sforza, urge Charles VIII. to claim Naples as representing the house of Anjou | 263, 286, 392 |
| |
| “ Death of Frederick III. Maximilian unites all Hapsburg dominions | 417 |
| |
| 1494. Death of Ferrante of Naples. Succeeded by Alfonso II. | 287 |
| |
| “ Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal | 493 |
| |
| “ Charles VIII. sets out to assert his claim to Naples | 393 |
| |
| “ Expulsion of Piero de’ Medici, and restoration of republican government in Florence | 314 |
