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1 See John Strawhorn, ‘Farming in 18th-century Ayrshire’, in Collections of the Ayrshire Archeological and Natural History Society, 2nd Series, III (1955), pp. 136–73.

2 See J. De Lancey Ferguson The Pride and the Passion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1939), p. 114.

3 See John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State 1688–1783 (London: Routledge, 1989), pp. 101–14.

4 Roy Porter, The Pelican Social History of Britain: English Society in the Eighteenth Century (London: Penguin, 1982), p. 30.

5 Robert Morrison, ‘Red De Quincey’, The Wordsworth Circle, Vol. 28, 1998, pp. 131–6.

6 Donald Low, Robert Burns: The Critical Heritage (London: Routledge, 1974), pp. 421–30.

7 Ibid., p. 429.

8 James Mackay, RB: A Biography of Robert Burns (Edinburgh Mainstream, 1992), p. 519.

9 David Cannadine, ‘The Making of the British Upper Class’ in Aspects of Aristocracy (London: Penguin, 1994), pp. 9–36.

10 John Keane, Tom Paine: A Political Life (London: Bloomsbury, 1995), p. 54.

11 See Stephen C. Behrendt, Romanticism, Radicalism and the Press (University of Nebraska, 1997), p. 14.

12 Fintan O’Toole, A Traitor’s Kiss: The Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan (London: Granta, 1997), pp. 31–2.

13 J.R. Dinwiddy, ‘Conceptions of Revolution in the English Radicalism of the 1790s’ in Radicalism and Reform in Britain, 1780–1850, ed. H.T. Dickinson, (London: The Hambledon Press, 1992,) p. 169.

14 John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, ‘Cato’s Letters’ in The English Libertarian Heritage, ed. David L. Jacobson (San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes, 1994), p. 42.

15 Ibid. pp. 53–4.

16 Ibid.p. 63.

17 Michael Durey, Transatlantic Radicals and the Early American Republic (University of Kansas, 1997), pp. 50–79. The Life and Letters of Alexander Wilson, ed. Clark Hunter (Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1983).

18 John Thelwall, The Politics of English Jacobinism, ed. Gregory Claeys (Pennsylvania State U.P., 1995), p. 40.

19 See Francis Hutcheson, Short Introduction, 5th edn (Philadelphia, 1799), pp. 289–92.

20 Richard Rorty, ‘Afterword: Pragmatism, Pluralism and Postmodernism’ in Philosophy and Social Hope (London: Penguin, 1999), p. 265.

21 Cynthia Ozick, ‘From the Book of Job’, (New York: Vintage Spiritual Classics, 1998), pp. xx–xxi.

22 Love and Liberty, ed. K.G. Simpson (Edinburgh: Tuckwell Press, 1997), p. 179.

23 Edwin Muir, ‘Robert Burns’ in Edwin Muir: Uncollected Scottish Criticism, ed. Andrew Noble (London/New York, 1982), p. 183.

24 Roger Fechner, ‘Burns and American Liberty’ in Love and Liberty, p. 278.

25 E.W. McFarlane, Ireland and Scotland in the Age of Revolution (Edinburgh University Press, 1994), p. 136.

26 The Critical Heritage, p. 16.

27 Henry Mackenzie, ‘Three Scottish Poets’ in The Anecdotes and Egotisms of Henry Mackenzie, ed. H.W. Thompson (Oxford University Press, 1927), pp. 150–2.

28 Literature and Literati: The Literary Correspondence and Notebooks of Henry Mackenzie, Vol. 2, ‘Letters 1766–1827’, ed. Horst W. Drescher, (Frankfurt, 1989), p. 358.

29 Ibid., p. 358.

30 Ibid., p. 172.

31 Ibid., p. 74.

32 Ibid., p. 175.

33 Ibid., p. 178.

34 T.M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000 (London: The Penguin Press, 1999), p. 215.

35 Edinburgh University Library, Laing Collection, II, folio 269. Two other Heron letters in folio 500–501.

36 Robert Heron, A Memoir of the Life of the Late Robert Burns (Edinburgh, 1797). Reprinted in Hans Hecht, Robert Burns: The Man and His Work (London: William Hodge & Co., 1936), pp. 335–6.

37 Ibid., p. 326.

38 Ibid., pp. 338–9.

39 Ibid., pp. 344–5.

40 Ian Hamilton, ‘The Frailties of Robert Burns’ in Keepers of the Flame: Literary Estates and the Rise of Biography (Boston/London: Faber & Faber, 1992), p. 101.

41 A Memoir of the Life of Robert Burns, p. 346.

42 Edinburgh University Library, Laing Collection, III, folio 586.

43 ‘The Frailties of Robert Burns’, p. 93.

44 Quoted in R.D. Thornton, James Currie: The Entire Stranger & Robert Burns (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1963), p. 358.

45 ‘The Frailties of Robert Burns’, p. 98.

46 ‘The Frailties of Robert Burns’, p. 101.

47 Low, The Critical Heritage, p. 431.

48 In 1793, Currie had written a Francophile, abrasively anti-Pitt pamphlet under the pseudonym, ‘Jasper Wilson’. In consequence he considered American exile and lived in terror of disclosure. See Chapter 9, ‘Dissenter’ in Thornton’s The Entire Stranger.

49 ‘The Frailties of Robert Burns’, p. 97.

50 Low, The Critical Heritage, p. 152.

51 Ibid., p. 144.

52 Andrew Noble, ‘Versions of Scottish Pastoral’ in Order in Space and Society: Architectural Form and Its Context in the Scottish Englightenment, ed. Thomas Marcus (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 1982), pp. 288–91.

53 Low, Critical Heritage, p. 194.

54 Ibid., pp. 186–7.

55 Ibid., p. 181.

56 Ibid., p. 182.

57 Ibid., p. 183.

58 Ibid., p. 183.

59 Ibid., pp. 183–4.

60 Ibid., p. 181.

61 Ibid., p. 180.

62 Ibid., p. 195.

63 While this, revealingly, was not published till 1842 it was written between 1793 and 1794. This is the Advertisement to Guilt and Sorrow or Incidents Upon Salisbury Plain. Poetical Works of Wordsworth (Oxford University Press, 1956), pp. 18–19.

64The Life and Works of Robert Burns, as originally ed. by James Currie, to which is prefixed a review of its life of Burns and of various criticisms of his character and writings (Edinburgh: Macredie, Skelly and Muckersy, 1815), p. vii.

65 Andrew Noble, ‘Burns and Scottish Nationalism’, in Burns Now (Edinburgh: Canongate Academic, 1994), pp. 167–92.

66 ‘The Burns Cult and Scottish Identity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’ in Love and Liberty, p. 72.

67 Patrick Kavanagh: Selected Poems (London: Penguin, 1996) pp. 70–1. While Moore was not of Burns’s militant spirit we are now also realising the degree to which his songs are coded expressions of the bloodier Irish political turmoil of the 1790s and arguably, an embryonic assertion of new national forces. See Matthew Campbell ‘Thomas Moore’s Wild Song: The 1821 Irish Melodies’. Bullán, Vol.v. No. 2, pp. 83–104.

68 Saul Bellow, ‘Mozart: An Overture’ in It All Adds Up (London, Secker and Warburg, 1994), pp. 9–10.

69 Matthew Arnold, Letter of November 1879, quoted in Selected Poems and Prose, ed. Miriam Allott (London: Everyman, 1991), p. 295.

70 Ibid., 262–3.

71 T.S. Eliot, ‘Was there a Scottish Literature?’, The Athenaeum, No. 4657, 1st Aug. 1919, pp. 680–1.

72 Letter 2315, The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, Vol. 7, ed. Booth and Mehew (Yale University Press, 1995). p. 110.

73 R.L. Stevenson ‘Review of The Poets and Poetry of Scotland’, ed. James Grant Wilson, The Academy, 12 Feb., 1876, p. 30.

74 Ibid., p. 31.

75 For Stevenson’s profound ambivalence to Burns see Letter 635, Vol. 1, The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson. In the same volume (Letter 424) there is a project for not only a book about Ramsay, Fergusson and Burns, but a book that would use Villon as context. He never really synthesised his Scottish roots with his Francophilia.

76 Edwin Muir, ‘Burns and Holy Willie’ in Edwin Muir: Uncollected Scottish Criticism (London/New York: Vision, 1982), pp. 189–90.

77 Ibid., pp. 191–2.

78 ‘Burns and Baudelaire’ in Hugh MacDiarmid: The Raucle Tongue, ed. Calder, Murray, Riach (Manchester: Carcanet, 1996), p. 69.

79 The Complete Poems of Hugh MacDiarmid, Vol. 2, ed. Grieve and Aitken (London: Penguin, 1985), p. 1224.

80 ‘The Burns Cult’, in Hugh MacDiarmid: Selected Prose, ed. Riach (Manchester: Carcanet, 1992), p. 82.

81 Ibid., p. 84. MacDiarmid’s most sustained polemic against the Burns Federation and Cult can be found in Burns Today and Tomorrow (Edinburgh: Castle Wynd Printers Ltd, 1959).

82 The Complete Poems of Hugh MacDiarmid, Vol. 1, pp. 693–4. This can be compared to the much more in your face ‘Your Immortal Memory, Burns!’, pp. 77–9.

83 ‘Burns and Baudelaire’, pp. 70–1.

84 ‘Robert Burns’ in A Channel Passage, and Other Poems (London, 1904).

85 ‘The Neglect of Byron’ in The Raucle Tongue, Vol. 1, p. 77.

86 Some qualification for this is to be found in Burns Today and Tomorrow where MacDiarmid does address the politics of the 1790s and compares the French and Russian Revolutions, pp. 105–10.

87 Iain Crichton Smith, ‘The Golden Lyric’ in Towards the Human (Edinburgh: Macdonald, 1986), pp. 176–91.

88 ‘The Neglect of Byron’, p. 76.

89 W. H. Auden, ‘Light Verse’ in The English Auden: Poems, Essays and Dramatic Writings 1927–1939 (London: Faber & Faber, 1977), p. 367.

90 ‘Contrary Scriptings: Implied National Narratives in Burns and Smollett’ in Love and Liberty, p. 213.