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Content

Preface to the English Edition

Foreword

CHAPTER 1

Gramsci’s Plan and the Legacy of German Classical Philosophy

What does it mean to philosophize?

Philosophies as conceptions of life and the world

Kant asked four questions with a cosmopolitan purpose

What can I know?

What should I do?

What can I hope for?

What is man?

The philosophers Kant, Hegel, and Marx

Kant

Hegel

Marx

Gramsci – on the person and the work

Marx completed the farewell to philosophy

Marxism gained worldwide importance only as Stalinism

What distinguishes Gramsci as a Marxist philosopher?

Gramsci’s plan

Forever …

The reconstruction of Marx’s philosophy

The critique of Soviet philosophy and its precursors

The hegemony of the bourgeois class

The economic emancipation of the working class

Gramsci’s suggestions for a philosophical work

A personal note

Intention and language

Arrange and complete the puzzle pieces

The history of philosophy as a historical drama in progress

Historiography according to Walter Benjamin: seizing a memory

CHAPTER 2

Kant and the Enlightenment 1500 to 1800

Feudal society, the bourgeoisie and the scientific revolution

The main features of feudal society

The emergence of the bourgeois mode of production

The scientific revolution 1500 to 1800

The Ptolemaic worldview

The heliocentric and the mechanistic worldview

Gramsci on the philosophy of an epoch and the historical block

The fight for the Religious freedom and the early bourgeois republics

From 1500 – Machiavelli

and the Italian Republics during the Renaissance

From 1517 – Luther,

the Reformation and the Peasants’ War in Germany

1648 – The Peace of Westphalia

and the end of the 30 Years War

From 1648 – Spinoza & the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands

1670 – The theological-political treatise

1677 – The ethics

Spinoza’s epistemology

Spinoza’s Ethics

Kant’s Critique of Spinoza’s Ethics

On the importance of Spinoza’s philosophy

1648 to 1688 – Hobbes,

the English Republic and the Glorious Revolution

From 1648 – The absolute monarchies on the European continent

Kant and the Enlightenment in the 18th Century

Kant as a natural scientist

1755 – The general natural history and theory of the heavens

Kant and the epistemology

1781 – The Critique of Pure Reason

The Copernican Turn and Pure Reason

The faculty of the mind:

The processing of perceptions into concepts

Space and time and the 12 pure concepts of mind

The synthetic unity of apperception

1800 – Kant’s Lectures on Logic

Logic – the doctrine of the concept

The doctrine of the features

Truth and essence

The thing-in-itself

1781 – The Critique of Pure Reason

The faculty of reason: the production of ideas

The mind does not draw its laws (a priori) from nature

Gramsci and the Kantian Philosophy of Science

Critical philosophy is the philosophy of freedom

On the Classification Kant’s Epistemology

The Transition from Kantian to Hegelian Philosophy

Kant and the Critique of Feudal Religion

1781 – The Critique of Pure Reason

The existence of God was not proven

1793 – Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason

1797 – The Metaphysics of Morals

Only one constitution takes place – the bourgeois one!

Marx and the Emancipation from Religion

Gramsci on religion and philosophy

Kant and the answer to the question: What is Enlightenment?

1784 – What is Enlightenment?

Self-thinking as a historically new ability

1784 – Idea for a general history with cosmopolitan intent

The goal of history is a perfectly just bourgeois constitution

Kant and Ethics – the Reason and the free will of the individual

1785 – Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals

Only rational beings can set their own purposes

The autonomy of the will consists in the Independence from nature and religion

Kant’s ethical principles: The Imperatives

The categorical imperative

The fundamental political norm of the democratic republic

On the character of the categorical imperative

Gramsci on the Enlightenment

1786 – Conjectural beginning of human history

The American Revolution 1776-1783

The French Revolution 1789-1799

1st Phase:

Revolution and Parliamentary Monarchy 1789-1791

2nd Phase:

The Jacobins and the First French Republic 1792-1794

3rd Phase:

Reign of the Directory 1795-1799

4th Phase:

Coup d’état and reign of Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815

The effects of the French Revolution in Europe and the world

Kant defended the principles of the First French Republic

Hegel on Kant and the French Revolution

Marx and Engels on Kant’s Theory of the French Revolution and the Jacobins

Gramsci on Kant, the Jacobins, and Napoleon

Kant and the democratic republic

1793 – About the common saying: This may be correct in theory …

The freedom

The pure republic

The original contract

1794 – The Contest of the Faculties

The sovereignty of the people

1797 – Metaphysics of Morals

The universal suffrage

The representative principle

The free public debate and the truth

The reform process and the transparency principle

The Democratic Republic as a Thing-in-Self

Marx on democracy as the solved riddle of all constitutions

1842 – The leading article in No. 179 of the cologne newspaper

1843 – On the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right

Kant and the philosophy history

1794 – The contest of the faculties

The historical signs

1795 – Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch

The civil constitution in every state shall be republican

The federalism of free republican states

Global human rights instead of colonialism

The goal of history is a democratically organized and federally united humanity

Kant and humanism

Kant and the Realm of Purposes

Kant as a philosopher of an epoch and the philosophy of history

The philosophical declaration of independence of man … and man thus creates his world for himself

What can I hope for? On the historical methodology of predicting the future

Historiography in the sense of Kant:

The struggle for the democratic republic

Great Britain and the United States of America

Democratic Republics in Europe until World War I

Universal suffrage after World War I and European fascism

Universal suffrage after World War II from a global perspective

Selected historical signs in the last 30 years

General laws beyond religion: Homosexuality and marriage for all

The philosophy of an epoch and the bourgeois historical block

Gramsci: A philosophy is historical, insofar as it spreads

Each century had a practical result, wherein it was revealed

The democratic republic as political form of transformation of the bourgeois society

Bibliography