Читать книгу Applied Oral Physiology - Robin Wilding - Страница 5
Contents
Оглавление2.2 Pulp–Dentin: Clinical Aspects
2.2.7 The Pulp Chamber and Root Canal
2.3 Response of the Pulp–Dentin to Caries
2.3.3 Conservative Management of Deep Caries
2.3.4 Arrested Caries in Dentin
2.3.5 Regeneration after Pulpal Exposure
2.3.6 The Origin of Replacement Odontoblasts
3. Oral Mucosa and Periodontium
3.2.1 Rates of Turnover of Oral Mucosa
3.3 Regional Variation of Oral Mucosa
3.5.1 Periodontal Ligament Fibers
3.5.2 Response of the Periodontal Ligament to Loading
3.5.3 Cells of the Periodontal Ligament
3.5.4 Vascular Supply of the Periodontal Ligament
3.5.5 Functions of the Periodontal Ligament
3.6.3 Changes in Cementum with Aging
3.6.4 Cementum Formation in Healing
3.7.1 Loss of Epithelial Attachment
3.7.2 Influence of Female Hormones
4. The Ecology of the Oral Cavity
4.2.2 How Saliva Defines the Oral Environment
4.2.4 Gingival Crevicular Fluid
4.3 The Biofilms of the Oral Environment
4.3.6 From Symbiont to Pathobiont
4.3.8 Single Organism or Consortium
4.4 Oral Ecology and Dental Caries
4.4.1 Diet and Control of Dental Caries
4.4.2 Risk Factors in Predicting Dental Caries
4.4.3 Dental Caries, Infection, or Dietary Disorder?
4.5 Nutrition and Oral Ecology
4.5.1 Oral Manifestation of Malnutrition
4.5.2 Trace Elements, Minerals, and Vitamins
4.6 The Influence of Fluorides on the Oral Ecosystem
4.6.1 Distribution of Fluoride in Teeth
4.6.2 Fluoride Protection of Enamel
4.6.3 Administration of Fluoride
4.7 Mucosal Immunity and Oral Ecology
4.7.1 General Barriers to Infection
5. Cell Differentiation in Embryology and Repair
5.1 Cell Interactions in Differentiation
5.1.2 Cell Differentiation during Embryology
5.1.3 Cell and Matrix Interactions in Tooth Development
5.3 Cell Interactions in Repair and Regeneration
5.3.2 Healing of a Tooth Socket
5.3.3 Healing of a Pulp Exposure
5.3.4 Cytokines and Extracellular Matrix in Healing
5.3.5 Comparison between Repair and Embryology
5.3.6 Nutrition, Embryology, and Healing
6.1.1 Types of Glycosaminoglycans
6.1.2 Properties of Glycosaminoglycans
7.1 The Mineralization Process
7.1.1 Composition of Biological Apatites
7.1.3 Production of Apatite Crystals
7.2 Mechanisms of Mineralization
7.2.1 Control of Mineralization by Organic Components
7.2.2 Control of Mineralization by Cells
7.3.3 Cartilage as a Skeletal Material
7.3.4 Intramembranous Bone Formation
7.3.5 Growth of Intramembranous Bone
7.3.6 Endochondral Bone Formation
7.3.7 Summary of Differences between Cartilage and Bone
7.4 Development of the Skull and Jaws
7.4.1 Development of the Mandible
7.4.2 Development of the Temporomandibular Joint
7.4.3 Synchondrosis of the Cranial Base
7.5 General Features of Growth
7.5.3 Soft Tissue (Functional) Matrices
7.6 Growth of the Skull and Jaws
7.6.1 Growth of the Cranium and Face
7.7.1 Mechanical Loads and Bone Remodeling
7.7.2 Cellular Process of Bone Remodeling
7.7.3 Transformation of Stress to Bone Cells
7.7.5 Remodeling of the Tooth Socket
7.7.6 Tooth Displacement and Cell Rests of Malassez
7.7.7 Response of Alveolar Bone to Dentures
7.7.8 Response of Bone to Implants
7.7.9 Systemic Factors and Bone Turnover
8. Eruption, Occlusion, and Wear
8.1.2 Formation of the Epithelial Attachment
8.1.4 Tooth Position after Eruption
8.1.7 Differences between Deciduous and Permanent Teeth
8.2.1 Stability of the Dentition
8.2.4 The Distribution of Bite Forces on Teeth
8.2.7 Arch and Tooth Relationships
8.2.9 Tooth Contacts during Function
8.2.11 Summary of Arch and Tooth Relationships
8.2.12 Class II Arch and Tooth Relationships
8.3.2 Consequences of Tooth Wear
8.3.3 Other Compensatory Mechanisms for Continued Eruption
9. The Temporomandibular Joint
9.1 The Mechanics of the Temporomandibular Joint
9.1.2 Variable Forces at the Teeth
9.1.4 Joint Instability and Muscle Fatigue
9.2 The Structure of the Temporomandibular Joint
9.3 Movement at the Temporomandibular Joint
9.3.1 Constraints of Jaw Movements
9.4 Temporomandibular Dysfunction
9.4.2 General Description of Temporomandibular Dysfunction
9.4.3 Research Diagnostic Criteria
9.4.4 Axis I—Physical Factors (Signs)
9.4.5 Axis II—Psychosocial Factors (Symptoms)
9.4.9 Management of Temporomandibular Dysfunction
10. Oral Sensations and Functions
10.2 Psychological Factors and Pain
10.3 Some Types of Clinical Pain
10.4.3 Innervation of the Pulp–Dentin
10.4.6 Neurogenic Inflammation of the Pulp Tissue
10.4.7 Facial Pain of Muscular Origin
10.4.8 Trigger Points in Muscles
10.5.3 Chronic Pain Management
10.5.4 Pain Control Mechanisms
10.6.1 General Features of Taste
10.6.2 Modalities and Distribution
10.7.4 Temporomandibular Joint Receptors
10.9.3 Masticatory Efficiency and Digestion
10.9.5 Functional Jaw Movements
10.10.1 The Oral Phase of Swallowing
10.10.4 Muscle Activity of Swallowing
10.10.5 Forces during Swallowing
10.11.1 Phonation and Articulation
11.1 General Features of Aging
11.2.2 Stains and Discoloration
11.2.3 Secondary and Sclerotic Dentin
11.2.4 Age Changes in the Dental Pulp
11.3 Age Changes in Tooth Support
11.3.1 The Periodontal Ligament
11.3.5 Changes in the Temporomandibular Joint
11.5 Nutritional Changes in Aging
11.6 Forensic Features of Eruption and Wear
11.7 Emotional Changes in Aging
Appendix A. The Origins of Teeth
A.1.1 The Evolution of Mammalian Teeth
A.1.2 The Mammalian Work Ethic
A.1.4 A Robust Skeleton and Powerful Muscles
A.1.6 The Mammalian Tooth Socket
A.2 The Mechanics of Tooth Use
Appendix B. Dental Hard Tissues
B.1 Physical Properties of Enamel and Dentin
B.3 Composites and Resistance to Fracture
Appendix C. Oral Mucosa and the Periodontium
Appendix D. The Ecology of the Oral Cavity
D.4 Gene Regulation in Biofilms
D.5 Strategies for Controlling Biofilms
D.9 Fluoride Availability, Toxicity, and Fluorosis
D.9.1 Availability of Fluoride
Appendix E. Cell Interactions in Embryology and Repair
E.2.1 Adhesion and Contact Inhibition
Appendix F. The Physiology of Bone
F.1 Stress and Trabecular Orientation
F.2 Remodeling to Achieve Optimal Stress
Appendix G. Oral Sensations and Functions
G.3 Central Connections of Pain Impulses
H.1 Cracks, Composites, and Teeth
H.3 The Heritage of Fibrous Polymers
H.4 Anecdotal Evidence; a Poor Substitute for Science
H.4.2 The Lessons of Bloodletting
H.4.3 Evidence-Based Knowledge
