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KOREAN IN A HURRY

Lesson 1

VOWELS

The vowels and combinations of y or w with a vowel are pronounced somewhat as follows:

i		as Marine (meet, cheat)
	wi	as we (queen, between, sweet)
e		as met (or hey say mate)
	ye	as yes (or yea man.)
	we	as wet (or way, sway, quake)
oe		usually pronounced just like we
ae		as at (cap, sack, ham)
	yae	as yam
	wae	as Wac (swam)
a		as ah (hah, father)
	ya	as yard, German ja
	wa	as Wahshington (but not Worshington or Wohshington!)
ǔ		as “jist” (=just), “pirty” (=pretty); or, as June soon, too, cool WITH LIPS PULLED BACK
u		as June (soon, too,) WITH LIPS PUSHED OUT
	yu	as you (cue, pew) WITH LIPS PUSHED OUT
ǒ		between song and sung; like song (law, bought) WITH LIPS PULLED BACK HARD: or, like sung (lung, butt) WITH TONGUE PULLED BACK AND PUSHED DOWN (AS IF WITH A SPOON)
	yǒ	between yawn and young
	wǒ	between wall and won
o		as no (so, Pogo)
	yo	as yokel

NOTE: The combination ǔi has three different pronunciations:

(1) At the beginning of a word it is pronounced like ǔ.

(2) At the end of a word it is pronounced like i.

(3) But, the particle meaning of is pronounced like e.

In this book, you will find the first pronounciation indicated as ǔ(i), and the second as (ǔ)i. But you will have to remember that the particle ǔi is pronounced e.

Here are some common words to practice the vowels on:

i	tooth	wae	why
chip	house	mal	horse
kwi	ear	pam	night
chwi	rat	yayu	teasing
twi	behind	wanja	meatballs
ne	yes	kwanggo	advertisement
ye	yes	ǔmsik	food
yebaedang	church	ǔnhaeng	bank
hoe	meeting	kǔrim	picture
Ch’oe	(name)	nun	eye
soe	iron	mu	turnip
sae	bird	yuri	glass
saekssi	girl	tubu	bean-curd
aegi	baby	kyuryul	regulations
hae	sun; year	mǒnjǒ	first of all
maeil	every day	ǒnje	when
yaegi	story, talk	nǒmǒ	too much
kyǒngje	economics	p’yo	ticket
yǒmnyǒ	worry	hakkyo	school
wǒn	Yen	ǔ(i)ja	chair
hwǒnjaeng	quarrel	ǔ(i)sa	doctor
ton	money	ǔ(i)mi	meaning
sori	sound	chu(ǔ)i	attention
kong	ball	t’o(ǔ)i	discussion

Lesson 2

CONSONANTS

The consonants m, n, and h are pronounced much like English.

The consonant written ng is pronounced as in sing, singer (but NOT as in English finger which sounds like fingger).

The consonants p, t, and k sound like weakly articulated English pin, tin, kin; but at the end of a syllable (hin, hit, hick) be careful not to give these consonants a special release—just shut the sound off.

The sounds written p’, t’ and k’ are said with a heavy puff of breath like English upheaval, penthouse, cookhouse.

The sounds written pp, tt, and kk are pronounced with the throat and mouth muscles very tense and released sharp with no puff of breath, a little like English spy, stay, skid.

P, t, and k are LAX; p’, t’, and k’ are BREATHY; and pp, tt, and kk are TENSE. In the same way ch is lax (as in English church weakly articulated), ch’ is breathy (as in English beach-house), and tch is tense.

You may hear pp, tt, kk, and tch like English bit, dip, go, and Joe—if you pronounce these words with a specially strong emphasis. But ordinarily English b, d, g, and j are rather weakly pronounced like the way Korean p, t, k, and ch sound between voiced sounds. We write these Korean sounds as b, d, g, and j when they occur between voiced sounds (the vowels, m, n, l) to remind you of this.

The Korean sound s is lax and sounds like a very weak English s—or, sometimes, especially in front of the vowel i, like English sh. The Korean sound ss is tense and sounds like a very emphatic English s. Don’t worry if you can’t hear the difference between these two; there are few situations in which you will be misunderstood if you confuse them.

The Korean sound which we write sometimes l and sometimes r is very difficult for Americans because it sounds like a number of different English sounds. Within a word when it sounds like the l in fill we write it l; when it sounds like the r in British berry (or the t in English Betty; or the Japanese r, or the single Spanish r) we write it r. Be careful to pronounce the Korean mm, nn, and ll as DOUBLE sounds: like English gem-maker, pen-knife, well-liked.

Here are some common words to practice the consonants.

pi	rain	ppiru	beer
p’i	blood	pyǒ	rice plant
p’yo	ticket	yukpun	six minutes
ppyǒ	bone	ch’imdae	berth, bunk
tal	moon	pando	peninsula
t’al	mask	talda	is sweet
ttal	daughter	ch’upta	is cold
to	province	chǒkta	is small
t’op	a saw	Yǒngguk	England
tto	again, yet	silgwa	fruit
ki	spirit, disposition	sip-kǔ	nineteen
k’i	height, size	namja	man, male
kki	a meal	hwanja	patient
kae	dog	maekchu	beer
k’al	knife	chong-i	paper
kkae	sesame	tong-an	interval
cho	millet	iri	this way
ch’o	candle	kǔrǒk’e	in that way, so
tchok	side, direction	resǔt’orang	restaurant
sal	flesh	radio	radio
ssal	uncooked rice	p’iryo	necessity
sǔnta	stands up	p’arwǒl	August
ssǔnta	writes	il	work, job
tambae	cigarettes	mul	water
kongbu	study	mullon	of course
Ilbon	Japan	ppalli	fast

Lesson 3

SOUND CHANGES

When you link words together without pausing between, certain sound changes take place. If the first word ends in a consonant and the second begins with a vowel the final consonant of the first word is pronounced as the initial consonant of the second word:

sǒm‿i	island (as subject)	=sǒ-mi
sǒm‿e	to the island	=sǒ-me
If the final consonant is p, t, ch, or k it changes in sound to b, d, j, or g:
ch’aek‿i	book (as subject)	ch’ae-gi
Han-guk‿e	to Korea	Han-gu-ge
pap‿i	cooked rice (as subject)	pa-bi
nach‿e	in the daytime	na-je
If the final consonant is l, it changes in sound to r:
il‿i	work (as subject)	=i-ri
mul‿ǔl	water (as object)	=mu-rǔl
Now if the first word ends in a voiced sound (a vowel or m, n, ng, or l) and the second word begins with p, t, ch, or k this changes to b, d, j, or g:
Ilbon‿to	Japan too	Il-bon-do
ch’aek‿ie‿yo	it’s a book	A’ae-gi-e-yo
i‿kǒ‿pose‿yo	just look at this	i-gǒ-bo-se-yo
kǔ‿taǔm	next to that	kǔ-da-ǔm
kǔ‿chǒn‿e	before that	kǔ-jǒ-ne
If the second word begins with m or n and the first word ends in p, t, or k these change to m, n, and ng respectively:
chip‿mada	every house	chim-ma-da
mot‿mǒgǒ	can’t eat	mon-mo-go
ch’aek‿mada	every book	ch’aeng-ma-da
The combinations tp, ts, and tk usually sound like pp, ss, and kk:
mot‿pwa‿yo	can’t see	mo-ssa-yo
mot‿sa‿yo	can’t buy	mo-ssa-yo
mot‿ka‿yo	can’t go	mo-kka-yo

At the end of a word before a pause or another consonant, the only consonants which occur are p, t, k, m, n, ng, and l. But there are a few words which have basic forms (the forms you hear when linked with a following word beginning with a vowel) in other consonant combinations. These are changed as follows (see also Lesson 17):

BEFORE VOWEL	BEFORE PAUSE OR CONSONANT
P’	P
ap’‿e in front	ap front; ap‿to front too
PS	F
kaps‿i price (subj.)	kap price; kap‿to price too
S	T
os‿ǔl clothes (object)	ot clothes; ot‿to clothes too
T’	T
pat’‿ǔn garden (topic)	pat garden; pat‿to garden too
CH’	T
kkoch’ ‿ǔn flower (topic)	kkot flower; kkot‿to flower too
CH	T
nach‿e in the daytime	nat daytime; nat‿to daytime too
KK	K
pakk‿e outside	pak outside; pak‿to outside too
LK	K
talk‿i chicken (subj.)	tak chicken; tak‿to chicken too

There are certain other sound changes which are less regular. You may also notice sound variants. Sometimes the same thing will be pronounced in two different ways even by the same speaker. The most common of these is the dropping of h between voiced sounds:

man(h)i	lots	annyong(h)i	peacefully
pang(h)ak	school vacation	ǔn(h)aeng	bank
a(h)op	nine
You may also notice that w sometimes drops, especially after p, p’, pp, m, u, o:
chǒm(w)ǒn	clerk	sam(w)ǒl	March
kǔ(w)ǒl	September	o(w)ǒl	May
One irregular sound change which is quite common is the replacement of an initial p, t, ch, s, or k by their tense counterparts pp, tt, tch, ss, or kk. In this book, the “reinforcement” of the initial sound is sometimes shown with parentheses: (p)p, (t)t, (t)ch, (s)s, or (k)k. For example:
oje(p)pam	last night	yǒl-(t)tǔl	twelve

NOTE 1: It is important to remember that b, d, j, g, and r are just positional variants of p, t, ch, k, and l respectively. B and p function as one sound unit in the structure of Korean and the native script (Han-gǔl) writes both with the same symbol. This is true also for d and t, j, and ch, g and k, r and l respectively. So when we speak of an ending beginning with t, it goes without saying we mean to add “(and this changes to d automatically between voiced sounds).”