Читать книгу Two Books of the Elements of Universal Jurisprudence - Samuel Pufendorf - Страница 13

INDEX OF DEFINITIONS,

AXIOMS, AND OBSERVATIONS¹

Book I

DEFINITION I

By human actions are meant the voluntary actions of a man in communal life regarded under the imputation of their effects

DEFINITION II

By the object of moral actions is meant all that with which they deal

DEFINITION III

Status is a suppositive moral entity in which positive moral objects and, above all, persons, are said to be

DEFINITION IV

A moral person is a person considered under that status which he has in communal life

DEFINITION V

A moral thing is a thing regarded in respect of its pertinence to persons

DEFINITION VI

A title is a moral attribute by which distinctions are marked among persons in communal life according to their esteem and status

DEFINITION VII

Authority is an active moral power by which some person legitimately and with a moral effect is able to perform a voluntary action

DEFINITION VIII

Right is an active moral power, belonging to a person, to receive something from another as a matter of necessity

DEFINITION IX

Esteem is the value of persons in communal life in accordance with which they are fit to be placed upon an equality with other persons, or to be compared with them and rated either above or below them

DEFINITION X

Worth is the moral quantity or value of merchandise or things, and of actions that are good for man in communal life, in accordance with which they are fit to be compared one with another

DEFINITION XI

Principles of human action are those things from which it springs and upon which it depends, and by which a human action is brought to completion

DEFINITION XII

Obligation is an operative moral quality by which some one is bound to furnish, allow, or endure something

DEFINITION XIII

A law is a decree by which a superior binds one subject to him to direct his actions according to the command of the superior

DEFINITION XIV

Authority is an active moral power by which some person legitimately and with a direct moral effect can perform an action

DEFINITION XV

The affections of a voluntary action are the modes through which it is denominated or defined in a certain manner

DEFINITION XVI

A good action is one which agrees with the law; a bad action is one which disagrees with the same

DEFINITION XVII

A just action is one which of free moral choice is rightly directed to that person to whom it is owed

DEFINITION XVIII

The quantity of moral actions is the estimative measure by which they are said to be of a certain degree

Appendix to Definition XVIII in which the Moral Sphere is explained

DEFINITION XIX

By the effect of a moral action is meant that which is produced by it

DEFINITION XX

Merit is an estimative moral quality resulting to a man from an action which he is not bound to perform, in accordance with which there is owed him an equivalent good on the part of the one in whose favour that action was undertaken

DEFINITION XXI

Demerit is an estimative moral quality resulting to a man from a bad action, through which he is under obligation to make amends for the injury done to a second person thereby

Book II

AXIOM I

Any action whatsoever that may be directed according to a moral norm, which is within a man’s power to do or not to do, may be imputed to him. And, on the contrary: That which neither in itself nor in its cause was within a man’s power, may not be imputed to him (that is, as a matter of desert, yet it is well if that be done as an act of grace on the part of the one who makes the imputation, in case some good has come to pass)

AXIOM II

Any person whatsoever can effectively, or with the obligation to perform them, enjoin on someone subject to himself those things to which his authority over the other extends itself

OBSERVATION I

A man can judge properly of things apprehended by the power of his intellect

OBSERVATION II

From an internal principle a man can move himself to undertake or to leave undone a certain action

OBSERVATION III

A man is destined by nature to lead a social life with men

OBSERVATION IV

Right reason dictates that a man should care for himself in such a way that human society be not thrown into disorder

OBSERVATION V

The law of nature alone is not directly sufficient to preserve the social life of man, but it is necessary that sovereignties be established in particular societies