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Contents

PHOTO CREDITS

DEDICATION

INTRODUCTION

IRON, STONE, AND BRONZE: 3000 TO 320 B.C.E.

Prehistory

First Settlements

The Late Bronze Age

Hebrews and Jews

Greeks and Persians

Greek versus Greek

The Phalanx

Alexander

Alexander’s Successors

EMPIRES AND BARBARIANS: 320 B.C.E. TO 800 C.E.

Early Rome

Punic Wars

“Our Sea,” the Mediterranean

Roman Civil War

The Roman Empire

Augustus’ Heirs

The Pax Romana

Barbarian Tribes and the Fall of Rome

The Byzantine Empire

The Arab Explosion

Charlemagne

THE WORLD ISLAND: 801 TO 1405

The Mongols

The Mongols in China

Tamerlane and Bayezid

HOLY WARS: 1095 TO 1453

The Normans

The First Crusade

Jihad

The Third Crusade

The Fourth Crusade

Philip versus John

Border Wars

The Hundred Years’ War

End of the Byzantine Empire

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION WARFARE: 1454 TO 1648

Luther and Pope Leo X

Cortés and Montezuma

Magellan and Elcano

Henry, Charles, and Francis

The Terrible Turk

Catholic versus Protestant

The Rise of Russia

The Rise of England

Malta and Lepanto

The Spanish Armada

Religious Wars in France

The Thirty Years’ War

THE ENLIGHTENMENT: 1648 TO 1763

The Rise of France

The Short Peace

War of the Austrian Succession

French, Indians, English, and Americans

AGE OF REVOLUTION: 1763 TO 1799

Commander in Chief

The Times That Try Men’s Souls

Year of the Hangman

Diplomats Abroad

The French Alliance

Benedict Arnold’s Treason

Greene versus Cornwallis

The Revolution of 1789

THE NAPOLEONIC ERA: 1800 TO 1815

Barbary Pirates

France versus Everyone

Napoleon’s Zenith

The Momentous Year

The American War

Exile to Elba

Rockets’ Red Glare

Napoleon’s Last Gamble

NATIONALITIES AND GRIM PRACTICALITIES: 1815 TO 1860

Conservatives and Reactionaries

New Technologies

Revolutions, Again

Far Eastern Wars

Taiping Rebellion

Texas Revolution

U.S.–Mexican War

Revolutions of 1848

Crimean War

Garibaldi’s Revolution

CIVIL WARS AND IMPERIAL GRABS: 1861 TO 1913

Union versus Confederacy

Vicksburg and Gettysburg

The Last Battles of the U.S. Civil War

The Rise of Prussia

Franco–Prussian War

Overseas Empires

The American Empire

The Zulu Wars

Endof-the-Century Conflicts

Russo– Japanese War

Balkan Wars

THE GREAT WAR: 1914 TO 1918

The Assassination of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand

First Battles of World War I

The Eastern Front

War at Sea

Gallipoli

The Western Front in 1915

Meat Grinder

Battle of Jutland

T.E. Lawrence

Russia and America

Americans in Other Armies

The November Revolution

Sledgehammer Blows

Totaling the Losses

FROM COAL TO OIL: 1919 TO 1939

The Advent of Oil

Aircraft Carriers

The World in Depression

Natural Resources

Rise of the Dictators

Japan and China (361)

WORLD WAR II: 1939 TO 1945

Battle of France

So Many, So Much, So Few

FDR’s Americans

Hunt for the Bismarck

Operation Barbarossa

Tora, Tora, Tora!

Germany First

Battle for North Africa

Offensive in Russia

Twin Disasters

Japanese High Tide

Miracle at Midway

The Allied Invasions

D-Day

Breakout

The Russian Onslaught

Battle of the Bulge

War in the Pacific

Hitler’s Fall

Surrender of Japan

THE COLD WAR: 1945 TO 1980

China, Korea, and Vietnam

India, Israel, and Egypt

Summit Meetings

The Cuban Missile Crisis

China and Vietnam

The Six-Day War

Vietnam

The Explosions of 1968

Vietnam Again

Yom Kippur War

Nixon in China

Oil and the Arabs

The End of the Vietnam War

Détente and the Dictators

The Persian Gulf

RESOURCE WARS AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS: 1980 TO 2014

The Hostage Crisis

Lebanon War

Reagan and Gorbachev

Tiananmen Square

Fall of the Soviet Bloc

End of the Cold War

First Gulf War

9/11

The Future of War

FURTHER READING

TIMELINE

INDEX