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Failover Clustering is a feature used to provide high availability to server roles. It’s often used for file servers, Hyper-V hosts, and database applications like Microsoft SQL Server. If a server in a failover cluster fails, services can be moved almost seamlessly to another server in the cluster. Systems in a failover cluster are referred to as nodes. Failover clusters take advantage of shared storage so that all nodes have access to the same data. If a failover event occurs, the transition from node to node can be as seamless as possible, because each node has access to the same storage.

For more on high availability with the Failover Clustering feature, check out Book 7, Chapter 5. There, I discuss Failover Clustering in relation to Hyper-V, but the way it works is pretty similar regardless of which application is using it.