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Other sociological studies that attend to the senses have departed from Simmel’s original impetus in two ways. On the one hand Michael Bull’s (2000) study of personal stereo users’ experiences of urban environments takes the sociology of the senses in a new direction. Noting how ‘Sound has remained an invisible presence in urban and media studies’, Bull sets out ‘an auditory epistemology of everyday life’ (2001: 180). Using a phenomenological methodology he demonstrates how this focus on sound allows us to understand not simply how urban soundscapes are experienced by personal stereo users, but also how practices and experiences of looking are produced in relation to this (2001: 191). Other developments in sociology have continued to focus on social interactions, but rather than focusing on one sensory modality or category, have stressed the multisensoriality and corporeality of these encounters. While not identified as a ‘sociology of the senses’, use of the multi-modality paradigm (Kress and Van Leeuwen, 2001) by sociologists has also allowed researchers undertaking observational studies of interaction to acknowledge the sensoriality of these contexts and processes (e.g. Dicks et al., 2006).