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CHAPTER 2

Glossary

This handbook uses a large number of technical terms applicable to Ḥajj and ʿUmrah. They are defined, and where considered necessary, briefly described below. A discussion of terms that require more extensive treatment is deferred until later in the text at the appropriate places. It is strongly recommended that the reader familiarise himself thoroughly with all terms defined. It may be emphasised that since definitions of various terms often incorporate other terms, more than one reading of this chapter may be needed for a fuller understanding of its contents:

ʿArafāt (also pronounced ʿArafah): A desert location approximately nine miles from Makkah where the pilgrim spends the 9th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah as a rite of Ḥajj.

Ayyām al-Tashrīq: The 11th, 12th, and 13th of the month of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah. The pilgrim performs Ramī in Minā on these days.

Dam: The expiation required of a pilgrim for any violation of a prohibition or obligation of the state of Iḥrām.

Dhu’l-Ḥijjah: The last month of the Islamic calendar during which Ḥajj is performed.

Ḥajar al-Aswad: The Sacred Black Stone built into the south-east corner of the Kaʿbah at a height of approximately four feet. The stone does not belong to the geology of the region and is a part of the original construction of the Kaʿbah by Prophet Ibrāhīm . Ḥajar al-Aswad has a special significance for Muslims during Ḥajj. It was personally installed in the wall of the Kaʿbah by Rasūl Allāh himself during its reconstruction following its destruction by a flash flood. The Prophet also kissed it during his Last (Farewell) Ḥajj. Thus, touching and kissing, or Istilām, of Ḥajar al-Aswad during Ḥajj and ʿUmrah are not only his Sunnah but also constitute an emotional and spiritual bond between him and his people.

Ḥajj: A set of acts of worship prescribed by Allah and Rasūl Allāh to be performed in and around Makkah at least once in a lifetime by every Muslim satisfying certain conditions. Ḥajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. There are three types of Ḥajj one may perform as defined below:

Ḥajj al-Ifrād: wherein the pilgrim pronounces his niyyah (i.e., intention) to perform only Ḥajj at Mīqāt while changing into Iḥrām.

Ḥajj al-Qirān: wherein the pilgrim pronounces his intention at Mīqāt to perform both ʿUmrah and Ḥajj together with the same Iḥrām.

Ḥajj al-Tamattuʿ: wherein the pilgrim pronounces his intention to perform only ʿUmrah at Mīqāt when changing into Iḥrām. A second niyyah, and a second change into Iḥrām, follow on the 8th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah for the performance of the remaining rites of Ḥajj.

Ḥalq: The act of completely shaving his head by the male pilgrim on the 10th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah. This is the last thing he does before getting out of the state of Iḥrām. See Taqṣīr also. Either Ḥalq or Taqṣīr may be performed to fulfill the Sunnah of Rasūl Allāh . For female pilgrims, the requirements of Ḥalq and Taqṣīr are satisfied if they trim their hair by approximately an inch.

Ḥaram al-Sharīf: The mosque around the Kaʿbah in Makkah, as well as the mosque in Madinah. The latter, also known as Al-Masjid al-Nabawī contains within its premises the grave of Rasūl Allāh .

Ḥaṭīm: The area adjacent to the Kaʿbah on its west side, enclosed by a low semi-circular wall. Following the Sunnah of Rasūl Allāh , the pilgrim may offer ṣalāt al-sunnah and supplications to Allah in this area. However, this is not a part of the prescribed rites of Ḥajj.

Iḍṭibāʿ: The mode of Iḥrām used during Ṭawāf al-Qudūm. The male pilgrim drapes one end of the top part of his Iḥrām over his left shoulder back-to-front. The other end goes across his back, under his right arm, across his front, and is finally draped over his left shoulder. Iḍṭibāʿ is not observed in any other type of Ṭawāf. Also, when the pilgrim offers ṣalāt after Ṭawāf al-Qudūm or an obligatory ṣalāt during this Ṭawāf, he must cover both his shoulders. In other words, Iḍṭibāʿ is practiced only while actually performing Ṭawāf al-Qudūm. Female pilgrims wear no Iḥrām, so that the question of Iḍṭibāʿ for them does not arise.

Iḥrām: The distinctive garb of the male pilgrim worn during Ḥajj or ʿUmrah. It consists of two pieces of white, unsewn and plain cloth. One of the pieces is wrapped around the midriff to cover his body from just above his navel to his ankles, and the other is draped around his shoulders to cover the upper body. For ladies, their ordinary and unpretentious clothes of everyday wear constitute their Iḥrām.

Istilām: The act of kissing Ḥajar al-Aswad at the beginning and the end of every circumambulation (circuit) of the Kaʿbah during Ṭawāf. If it is not possible physically to kiss Ḥajar al-Aswad because of the huge crowd or for any other reason, the pilgrim may raise his hand towards Ḥajar al-Aswad and, then, kiss his own hand.

Jamarāt: The three stone pillars in Minā which symbolically represent the locations where the devil (shaiṭān) is stated in Tradition to have tried to tempt Prophet Ibrāhīm in an effort to dissuade him from the path of Allah. The pilgrim symbolically stones these pillars on the 10th through the 13th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah in commemoration of the rejection of the devil by Prophet Ibrāhīm and of his steadfastness to the cause of Allah. The Jamarāt are located within a few hundred feet of one another in a line and are named as follows:

Jamrat al-Ūlā: The first stone pillar in the line.

Jamrat al-Wusṭā: The second (middle) stone pillar in the line.

Jamrat al-Kubrā: The last stone pillar in the line. This is also called Jamrat al-ʿUqbah.

Kaffārah: literally, expiation is another name for Dam.

Maḥram: The husband or a male companion of a female pilgrim to whom her marriage is expressly prohibited by the Sharīʿah (e.g., father, brother, uncle, nephew, etc.). A woman must necessarily be accompanied by a Maḥram for Ḥajj and ʿUmrah.

Maqām Ibrāhīm: The step-stone used by Prophet Ibrāhīm during the original construction of the Kaʿbah. The stone carries the imprints of his feet, and is housed in a glass enclosure on the north side of the Kaʿbah.

Marwah: A small knoll (i.e., hillock) located approximately one hundred and fifty yards from the Kaʿbah. The pilgrim performs the devotional rite of Saʿī between the knolls of Ṣafā and Marwah.

Masjid al-Ḥarām: The mosque around the Kaʿbah also known as Ḥaram al-Sharīf.

Mīqāt: An imaginary boundary around Makkah. A prospective pilgrim cannot cross this boundary without first changing into Iḥrām. This boundary is anchored by different townships and localities in different directions (Dhu’l-Ḥulaifa in the north, Yalamlam in the south-east, Dhāt ʿIrq in the north-east, Juḥfah in the north-west, Qarn al-Manāzil in the east). The pilgrim changes into Iḥrām at Mīqāt and pronounces his intention to perform Ḥajj or ʿUmrah. For people living inside the Mīqāt permanently, their place of residence is their Mīqāt.

Minā: A desert location approximately three miles from Makkah where several Ḥajj rites are performed.

Muʿallim: A knowledgeable professional who can guide the pilgrim during Ḥajj; also called a Muṭawwif.

Muḥrim: A pilgrim in the state of Iḥrām.

Multazam: The part of the Kaʿbah between its door and Ḥajar al-Aswad. This is a specially sacred part of the Kaʿbah. It is recommended that, if possible, the pilgrim should touch the Kaʿbah at Multazam and offer supplications to Allah. However, this is not a part of the prescribed rites of Ḥajj.

Mutamattiʿ: One who has performed Ḥajj al-Tamattuʿ.

Muṭawwif: See Muʿallim.

Muzdalifah: A desert location approximately midway between Minā and ʿArafāt. The pilgrim spends the night of the 10th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah here.

Niyyah: Intention. All acts of worship are preceded by an appropriate niyyah.

Qārin: One who has performed Ḥajj al-Qirān.

Qaṣr: The mode of shortened prayers usually offered when on a journey.

Ramal: The ritual in which male pilgrims are required to walk briskly with their chests thrust forward and their shoulders slightly rolling during the first three circuits of Ṭawāf al-Qudūm. Ladies are not required to practise Ramal.

Ramī: The act of symbolically stoning the devil (shaiṭān) in Minā on the 10th through the 13th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah. This commemorates the tradition that Prophet Ibrāhīm was tempted three times by the devil, and rejected all three of his overtures by stoning him and driving him away. These three locations are symbolised by three stone pillars in Minā. See also Jamarāt.

Ṣafā: A small knoll approximately 200 yards from the Kaʿbah inside the Masjid al-Ḥarām. The pilgrim performs the devotional act of Saʿī between the knolls of Ṣafā and Marwah.

Saʿī: The devotional act of walking seven times between the knolls of Ṣafā and Marwah. This act retraces the footsteps of Hājar, wife of Prophet Ibrāhīm , during her desperate search for water for her infant son Ismāʿīl after they were left in the desert by Prophet Ibrāhīm in response to a Divine vision.

Ṣalāt: Obligatory or supererogatory prayers.

Shawṭ: One complete circumambulation, or circuit, of the Kaʿbah. Each shawṭ (pl. ashwāṭ) starts and ends at Ḥajar al-Aswad. Seven ashwāṭ constitute one Ṭawāf.

Talbiyah: A devotional recital of the following words by the pilgrim during Ḥajj and ʿUmrah:

Labbaik Allāhumma Labbaik. Labbaik, Lā Sharīka Laka, Labbaik. Innal-Ḥamda, Wan-Niʿmata Laka wa’l-Mulk, Lā Sharīka Lak.

(Here I am at Thy service O Lord, here I am. Here I am at Thy service and Thou hast no partner. Thine alone is All Praise and All Bounty, and Thine alone is the Sovereignty. Thou hast no partner.)

The Talbiyah is a prayer as well as an assertion of the pilgrim’s conviction that he intends to perform Ḥajj only for the glory of Allah. The pilgrim starts the recital upon changing into the Iḥrām, and continues to recite it frequently throughout Ḥajj. Male pilgrims recite the Talbiyah loudly whereas female pilgrims are required to recite it in a low voice.

Taqṣīr: Shortening or clipping of the whole head of hair by the male pilgrim following the completion of Ḥajj. This may be performed in lieu of Ḥalq. The Sunnah of Rasūl Allāh supports only Taqṣīr and Ḥalq.

Ṭawāf: The devotional act of circumambulating the Kaʿbah while reciting prayers. It constitutes an integral part of Ḥajj and ʿUmrah. There are five different types of Ṭawāf one may perform:

Ṭawāf al-Ifāḍah: The Ṭawāf performed by the pilgrim on the 10th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah as the last formal rite of Ḥajj in Makkah after changing into everyday clothes (also called Ṭawāf al-Ziyārah).

Ṭawāf al-Nafl: A devotional Ṭawāf which may be performed any time.

Ṭawāf al-Qudūm: The initial Ṭawāf performed by the pilgrim upon entering the Masjid al-Ḥarām in Makkah pursuant upon his intention for Ḥajj.

Ṭawāf al-ʿUmrah: The Ṭawāf performed as a rite of ʿUmrah.

Ṭawāf al-Wadāʿ: The Farewell Ṭawāf performed by the pilgrim just before leaving Makkah for his next destination.

ʿUmrah: A set of religious and devotional rites performed in Makkah in an order ordained by Allah and Rasūl Allāh . ʿUmrah or Lesser Pilgrimage can be performed at any time of the year and, unlike Ḥajj, does not involve the rites at Minā, Muzdalifah, and ʿArafāt.

Yawm an-Naḥr: The 10th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah. This day is designated as the preferred day of sacrifice during Ḥajj.

Yawm at-Tarwiyah: The 8th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah signifying the start of Ḥajj. The pilgrim proceeds to Minā on this day.