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List of Illustrations

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1 Chapter 1A cultural studies model of encoding and decoding.Producers, texts, and spe...Scar’s moronic and evil sidekicks are voiced by actors of color, Whoopi Gol...Uncle Scar preens with an arched eyebrow (a stereotypical signifier of male...Pop music superstar Beyoncé starred as the voice of Nala in Disney’s CGI re...

2 Chapter 2In Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), the white male hero protect...Arcades filled with Thomas Edison’s Kinetoscopes, such as this one in New Y...The Comet Theatre in New York City was a typical nickelodeon; note the pric...This interior shot of the Majestic Theatre shows the size and opulence of a...During Hollywood’s classical era, the studios (such as Metro‐Goldwyn‐Mayer)...John Garfield was a popular Hollywood actor whose career was destroyed by t...Rocky (1976) is a good example of the nostalgic Hollywood blockbuster, a ty...The typical concept of the U.S. television audience in 1959: a white, middl...Chadwick Boseman as T’Challa in the popular and high‐grossing Black Panther

3 Chapter 3Going My Way (1944) told the story of two generations of Irish American pri...John Ford’s The Quiet Man (1952) showed John Wayne’s Irish American attempt...Edward G. Robinson played Italian American mobster Rico Bandello in one of ...Even in the New Hollywood, filmmakers still associated Italian American cul...Egyptian‐born Omar Sharif, seen here as Jewish entrepreneur Nicky Arnstein ...Jolson in blackface as Jake Rabinowitz/Jack Robin in his most famous role, Rami Malek in his Oscar‐winning role as Queen vocalist Freddie Mercury in B...

4 Chapter 4In The Birth of a Nation (1915), a mulatto rabble rouser played by a white ...Stepin Fetchit was a character actor from the 1930s whose “Coon” roles made...Bill “Bojangles” Robinson, seen here as a butler in the Shirley Temple film...Pinky (1949) was a postwar social problem film that explored contemporary r...Dorothy Dandridge was one of Hollywood’s first African American leading lad...Successful 1960s leading man Sidney Poitier often portrayed educated and po...Kerry Washington starred in the hit TV show Scandal (2012–18), created by A...Spike Lee is seen here on the set of Get On the Bus (1996), one of his more...Ava Duvernay’s films and television projects include Selma (2014), 13th (20...John David Washington and Adam Driver starred in Spike Lee’s BlacKkKlansman

5 Chapter 5In the TV series The Lone Ranger, the hero (Clayton Moore) was accompanied ...Latino actors Gilbert Roland and Dolores Del Rio were hired to play Native ...Russell Means, founder of the AIM (American Indian Movement), later became ...Graham Greene in The Education of Little Tree (1997), an independent film t...Adam Beach and Evan Adams play two young men on a journey in Smoke Signals ...The Native American characters in the Twilight franchise (2008–12) are also...Cherokee American actor Wes Studi has appeared in films since the late 1980...

6 Chapter 6Swedish actor Warner Oland, seen here in character makeup (“yellowface”) fo...British actor Boris Karloff, seen here in character makeup (“yellowface”) f...Anna May Wong (born Wong Liu Tsong) was a Chinese American actress who brie...Keye Luke was one of the most successful Chinese American actors of the cla...Director Mira Nair on the set of Mississippi Masala (1991), a popular indep...Ang Lee, the director of Sense and Sensibility (1995), The Ice Storm (1997)...James Wan is well known for directing horror films like Saw (2004) and The ...In the popular rom‐com Crazy Rich Asians (2018), Nick (Henry Golding) share...

7 Chapter 7Ramon Novarro was one of the leading Latin Lovers of 1920s Hollywood cinema...Dolores Del Rio briefly became a leading lady in classical Hollywood cinema...International leading man, character actor, and founder of Nosotros, Ricard...Director Robert Rodriguez, seen here on the set of his Mexican American vam...Part of the extended Sanchez family in Gregory Nava’s My Family/Mi Familia ...Mexican filmmaker Guillermo del Toro is best known for his stylish award‐wi...Spanish actress Paz Vega plays Flor, an undocumented Mexican who works as a...

8 Chapter 8Harold Lloyd (right) was silent cinema’s middle‐class everyman. His predica...Charlie Chaplin’s “Little Tramp,” seen here in The Gold Rush (1925), acknow...The romance between Clark Gable’s newspaper reporter and Claudette Colbert’...Members of the cast of The Grapes of Wrath (1940), one of the few American ...

9 Chapter 9Easy Rider (1969) was a pessimistic account of the American Dream gone sour...The Honeymooners was a very popular 1950s television sitcom that centered o...Based on a true story, Norma Rae (1979) starred Sally Field as a working wo...Titanic (1997) is a film filled with class issues that are swept aside in f...The Hunger Games franchise (2012–15), based on the popular young adult nove...The Florida Project (2017) explores the day to day lives of poor women and ...

10 Chapter 10Mary Pickford, affectionately know by her fans as Little Mary, often embodi...Theda Bara, whose studio‐given name was allegedly devised by mixing up the ...Clara Bow embodied the image of the 1920s flapper, a young woman who was mu...Film director Dorothy Arzner made many films in classical Hollywood; in ord...Mae West was one of Pre‐Code Hollywood’s most notorious leading ladies; she...The woman’s film Imitation of Life (1934) was remade by Douglas Sirk in 195...In All That Heaven Allows (1955), Jane Wyman as Carrie is surrounded by the...In All That Heaven Allows (1955), Carrie and Ron (Rock Hudson) stand before...

11 Chapter 11Marilyn Monroe epitomized the blonde bombshell in 1950s Hollywood movies. H...In classical Hollywood films, objective shots of the male protagonist are o...This famous World War II publicity photograph of Betty Grable is a good exa...Three‐point lighting was and is the Hollywood standard; it focuses attentio...The “human fountain” of chorus girls from Footlight Parade (1933), a specta...This typical kaleidoscopic shot from Busby Berkeley’s Gold Diggers of 1933 ...

12 Chapter 12The star image of John Wayne, seen here as a cowboy hero in a publicity sho...Rudolph Valentino, seen here as The Son of the Sheik (1926), was the embodi...In Public Enemy (1931), James Cagney played a guy so tough he thought nothi...In the screwball comedy, gender roles are often inverted; in I Was a Male W...While enacting masculine bravado and heroism, John Agar and John Wayne in S...In Double Indemnity (1944), Fred MacMurray’s character is seduced and then ...This shot from T‐Men (1947) exemplifies the dark, twisted, and out‐of...In Dead Reckoning (1947), noir protagonist “Rip” Murdock (Humphrey Bogart) ...In the 1950s, James Dean came to represent a new kind of masculinity – more...Rock Hudson became a major Hollywood star in the 1950s by embodying traditi...

13 Chapter 13The Sting (1973) was a popular buddy film starring Robert Redford and Paul ...African American TV executive Shonda Rhimes rose to fame creating hit shows...Sylvester Stallone, seen here in Rambo (1985), was one of several popular h...Jamie Lee Curtis as the “Final Girl” in Halloween (1978), one of the era’s ...Penny Marshall began her show business career as an actress and then became...Writer‐director Sofia Coppola was the first American woman to be nominated ...Thelma and Louise (1991), a feminist reworking of the Hollywood buddy genre...Academy Award winning director Kathryn Bigelow, best known for her films Th...Actor, screenwriter, and director, Greta Gerwig was nominated for two Oscar...Gal Gadot as DC Comics superhero Wonder Woman (2017), seen here on a World ...

14 Chapter 14Actor William Haines was a top box office star in the late 1920s and early ...Marlene Dietrich, seen here dressed in a man’s tuxedo in Morocco (1930), of...Director James Whale, who infused a gay sensibility into many classical Hol...Gay Hollywood director George Cukor was discreet about his sexuality; he is...In Tea and Sympathy (1956), a young man (John Kerr) is harassed by his clas...Peter Lorre as Joel Cairo (left) in The Maltese Falcon (1941). His hair, co...

15 Chapter 15In this scene from The Killing of Sister George (1968), Childie (Susannah Y...Based on a successful play, Boys in the Band (1970) explored issues faced b...Making Love (1982) was a rare Hollywood film that centered on homosexuality...The cast of Will & Grace (1998–2006), a popular TV show that brought li...Gus Van Sant was one of the leading directors of New Queer Cinema; he has s...The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love (1995) is an old‐fashion...Hilary Swank won an Oscar for her role as Brandon Teena in Boys Don’t Cry...Dennis Quaid and Julianne Moore in Todd Haynes’s highly acclaimed Far From ...Simon (Nick Robinson) shares a kiss with “Blue” during the climax of Love, ...Emmy nominated trans actress and activist Laverne Cox rose to prominence as...The Fifty Shades of Grey films (2015–2018) explore a sadomasochistic sexual...As part of the #MeToo movement, actor Terry Crews came forward to say that ...

16 Chapter 16Horror star Bela Lugosi as Ygor, the hunchbacked assistant to the mad docto...This scene from The Wizard of Oz (1939) exemplifies the classical Hollywood...One of the best‐known “little people” actors in Hollywood, Billy Barty is s...Patty Duke and Anne Bancroft both won Oscars for their performances in The ...Deaf actress Marlee Matlin won an Oscar for her leading role in Children of...Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister in the popular HBO fantasy series Game o...A concerned deaf father in the documentary Sound and Fury (2000), a film th...Some of the quadriplegic rugby players featured in the popular documentary

America on Film

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