Читать книгу Material science. Жаратылыстану факультеттерінің студенттеріне арналған әдістемелік құрал - Шолпан Гумарова - Страница 4

All material is made from tiny particles. These particles are constantly moving. The kinetic theory uses this idea of tiny moving particles to explain the different forms that material can take. “Kinetic” means “to do with movement”. The three states of mattes are solid, liquid and gas.

Solid. In this state matter tends to keep its shape. If it is squashed or stretched enough, it will change shape slightly. Usually, any change in volume is too small to be noticed. The particles are not moving around, although they are vibrating very slightly. Normally they vibrate about fixed positions. If solid is heated the particles start to vibrate more. The particles in a solid are fixed in position. The forces between particles are strong.

Liquid. In this state matter will flow. It will take up the shape of any container it is put in. The liquid normally a fills a container from the bottom up. It has a hardly changes at all. The particles, like those in a solid, are vibrating. However, in a liquid the particles are free to move around each other. If a liquid is heated, the particles move faster. In liquids particles can move past each other. They are joined together in small groups. They are not as close as in solids.

Gas. In this state matter will take up the shape of a container and fill it. The volume of the gas depends on the size of its container. If the gas is squashed it will change both volume and shape. The particles are free to move around, and do not often meet each other. The particles whiz(z) around very quickly. If heated they move even faster. In gases there are hardly any forces between particles. They are a long way apart.

V. Retell the text.