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The historical buildings in Oaxaca were mostly built with CVO. Delicate parts like ornaments and window sills were built with the softer CAO. CVE was used as a replacement for CVO during different phases of restoration (Fig. 2a).

The most important weathering features in Oaxaca are loss of components, loss of matrix and bursting. The base parts of the buildings often show scaling and flaking accompanied by salt crust formation. Upper wall parts and protruding areas are strongly affected by moisture and form a characteristic organic black crust (Fig. 2b). CVO is dominated by loss of components when pumice clasts dissolved. CAO and CVE are strongly affected by fracturing, when in contact with water (Kück et al. 2020b). CRO and CRE are the only samples which show bedding parallel scaling.

In Mitla most of the building stones are original and mostly in good condition. The southern and eastern side of the buildings have the highest damage intensities linked to high temperature changes during the day of up to 20 °C (Fig. 2c). The northern side experiences a lot of moisture, but the temperature difference during the day is low (3 °C). The western side is the least weathered side.