Читать книгу Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics of Heterogeneous Systems - Signe Kjelstrup - Страница 9
Contents
Оглавление1.1What is non-equilibrium thermodynamics?
1.2Non-equilibrium thermodynamics in the context of other theories
2Why non-equilibrium thermodynamics?
2.2Flux equations with coupling terms
2.3Experimental designs and controls
2.4Entropy production, work and lost work
2.5Consistent thermodynamic models
3Thermodynamic relations for heterogeneous systems
3.1Two homogeneous phases separated by a surface in global equilibrium
3.2The contact line in global equilibrium
3.3Defining thermodynamic variables for the surface
3.4Local thermodynamic identities
3.AAppendix: Partial molar properties
4The entropy production for a homogeneous phase
4.2.1Why one should not use the dissipation function
4.2.2States with minimum entropy production
4.4Frames of reference for fluxes in homogeneous systems
4.4.1Definitions of frames of reference
4.4.2Transformations between the frames of reference
4.AAppendix: The first law and the heat flux
5The excess entropy production for the surface
5.1The discrete nature of the surface
5.2The behavior of the electric fields and the potential through the surface
5.4The excess entropy production
5.4.1Reversible processes at the interface and the Nernst equation
5.4.2The surface potential jump at the hydrogen electrode
6The excess entropy production for a three-phase contact line
6.1The discrete nature of the contact line
6.3The excess entropy production
7Flux equations and Onsager relations
7.2Onsager’s reciprocal relations
7.3Relaxation to equilibrium: Consequences of violating Onsager relations
7.6The Curie principle applied to surfaces and contact lines
8.2Coefficient values for homogeneous phases
8.3.1Heats of transfer for the surface
8.4Solution for the heterogeneous system
8.5Scaling relations between surface and bulk resistivities
9.5Solution for the heterogeneous system
10Transport of mass and charge
10.3Solution for the heterogeneous system
10.5Electric power from volume flow
10.6Ionic mobility model for the electrolyte
10.7Ionic and electronic model for the surface
11Evaporation and condensation
11.1Evaporation and condensation in a pure fluid
11.1.1The entropy production and the flux equations
11.1.2Interface resistivities from kinetic theory
11.2The sign of the heats of transfer of the surface
11.3Coefficients from molecular dynamics simulations
11.4Evaporation and condensation in a two-component fluid
11.4.1The entropy production and the flux equations
11.4.2Interface resistivities from kinetic theory
12Multi-component diffusion, heat conduction and cross effects
12.2The Maxwell–Stefan equations for multi-component diffusion
12.3The Maxwell–Stefan equations for the surface
12.4.2Diffusion in the solvent frame of reference
12.4.3Other frames of reference
12.4.4An example: Kinetic demixing of oxides
12.5A relation between the heats of transfer and the enthalpy
13A non-isothermal concentration cell
13.1.1Entropy production and flux equations for the anode
13.1.2Position-dependent transport coefficients
13.1.3The profiles of the homogeneous anode
13.1.4Contributions from the cathode
13.1.5The electrolyte contribution
13.2.1The anode surface
13.3The thermoelectric potential
14.1The Seebeck coefficient of cell a
14.2The transported entropy of Pb2+ in cell a
14.3The transported entropy of the cation in cell b
14.4The transported entropy of the ions cell c
15Adiabatic electrode reactions
15.1.1The silver phases
15.1.2The silver chloride phases
15.2.1The silver–silver chloride interfaces
15.2.2The silver chloride–electrolyte interfaces
15.3Temperature and electric potential profiles
16The liquid junction potential
16.1The flux equations for the electrolyte
16.2The liquid junction potential
16.3Liquid junction potential calculations compared
17.1.1The electromotive force
17.1.2The transference coefficient of the salt in the electrolyte
17.1.3An electrolyte with a salt concentration gradient
17.1.4The Planck potential derived from ionic fluxes and forces
17.2A non-isothermal cell with a non-uniform electrolyte
17.2.1The homogeneous anode phase
17.2.3The surface of the anode
17.2.4The homogeneous phases and the surface of the cathode
18Power from regular and thermal osmosis
18.1The potential work of a salt power plant
18.2The membrane as a barrier to transport of heat and mass
18.3Membrane transport of heat and mass
19Modeling the polymer electrolyte fuel cell
19.1The potential work of a fuel cell
19.2The cell and its five subsystems
19.3The electrode backing and the membrane
19.3.1The entropy production in the homogeneous phases
19.4.1The anode catalyst surface
19.4.2The cathode catalyst surface
19.5A model in agreement with the second law
20Measuring membrane transport properties
20.1The membrane in equilibrium with electrolyte solutions
20.4The transference number of water and the water permeability
20.6Interdiffusion coefficients
21The impedance of an electrode surface
21.1The hydrogen electrode: Mass balances
21.4The electrode surface impedance
21.4.1The adsorption–diffusion layer in front of the catalyst
21.4.2The charge transfer reaction
21.6The reaction over potential
22Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations
22.1.1The interaction potential
22.3Verifying the assumption of local equilibrium
22.3.1Local equilibrium in a homogeneous binary mixture
22.3.2Local equilibrium in a gas–liquid interface
22.4Verifications of the Onsager relations
22.4.1A homogeneous binary mixture
22.5Linearity of the flux–force relations
23The non-equilibrium two-phase van der Waals model
23.1Van der Waals equation of states
23.2Van der Waals square gradient model for the interfacial region
23.6A numerical solution method
23.7Procedure for extrapolation of bulk densities and fluxes
23.9Thermodynamic properties of Gibbs’ surface
23.11Excess densities depend on the choice of dividing surface
23.11.1Properties of dividing surfaces
23.11.2Surface excess densities for two dividing surfaces
23.11.3The surface temperature from excess density differences
23.12The entropy balance and the excess entropy production
23.13Resistivities to heat and mass transfer
24.1Density profiles and the parameter m
24.4The surface resistivity to heat
24.5The curvature dependence of the resistivities
25The catalyst surface temperature
