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PREFACE.
ОглавлениеI was stimulated to write these Outlines of Greek and Roman Medicine by a recent sojourn in the south-eastern part of Europe. The name of the book defines, to some extent, its limitations, for my desire has been to give merely a general outline of the most important stages in the advancement of the healing art in the two Empires to which modern civilization is most deeply indebted. There are a few great works on the history of medicine by continental writers, such, for instance, as those by the German writers, Baas, Sprengel, and Puschmann, but, generally speaking, the subject has been much neglected.
I cherish the hope that this little work may appeal to doctors, to medical students, and to those of the public who are interested in a narration of the progress of knowledge, and who realize that the investigation of the body in health and disease has been one of the most important features of human endeavour.
The medical profession deserves censure for neglect of its own history, and pity 'tis that so many practitioners know nothing of the story of their art. For this reason many reputed discoveries are only re-discoveries; as Bacon wrote: "Medicine is a science which hath been, as we have said, more professed than laboured, and yet more laboured than advanced; the labour having been, in my judgment, rather in circle than in progression. For I find much iteration, and small progression." Of late years, however, the History of Medicine has been coming into its kingdom. Universities are establishing courses of lectures on the subject, and the Royal Society of Medicine recently instituted a historical section.
The material I have used in this book has been gathered from many sources, and, as far as possible, references have been given, but I have sought for, and taken, information wherever it could best be found. As Montaigne wrote: "I have here only made a nosegay of culled flowers, and have brought nothing of my own but the thread that ties them together."
I have to express my indebtedness to my friend, Mr. J. Scott Riddell, M.V.O., M.A., M.B., C.M., Senior Surgeon, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, for his great kindness in reading the proof-sheets, preparing the index and seeing this book through the press and so removing one of the difficulties which an author writing overseas has to encounter; also to my publishers for their courtesy and attention.
James Sands Elliott.
Wellington,
New Zealand.
January 5, 1914.
Page
PREFACE. vii
CHAPTER I. Early Roman Medicine.1Origin of HealingTemplesLectisterniumTemple of ÆsculapiusArchagathusDomestic MedicineGreek DoctorsCloaca MaximaAqueductsState of the early Empire
CHAPTER II. Early Greek Medicine.13ApolloÆsculapiusTemplesSerpentsGods of HealthMelampusHomerMachaonPodalariusTemples of ÆsculapiusMethods of TreatmentGymnasiaClassification of RenouardPythagorasDemocedesGreek Philosophers
CHAPTER III. Hippocrates.25His life and worksHis influence on Medicine
CHAPTER IV. Plato, Aristotle, the School of Alexandria, and Empiricism.39PlatoAristotleAlexandrian SchoolIts OriginIts InfluenceLithotomyHerophilusErasistratusCleombrotusChrysipposAnatomyEmpiricismSerapion of Alexandria
CHAPTER V. Roman Medicine at the end of the Republic and the Beginning of the Empire.51Asclepiades of PrusaThemison of LaodiceaMethodismWounds of Julius CæsarSystems of PhilosophyState of the countryRoman quacksSlaves and FreedmenLucius Horatillavus
CHAPTER VI. In the Reign of the Cæsars to the Death of Nero.63AugustusHis illnessesAntonius MusaMæcenasTiberiusCaligulaClaudiusNeroSenecaAstrologyArchiaterWomen poisonersOculists in Rome
CHAPTER VII. Physicians from the Time of Augustus to the Death of Nero.72CelsusHis life and worksHis influence on MedicineMeges of SidonApollonius of TyanaAlleged miraclesVettius ValleusScribonius LongusAndromachusThessalus of TrallesPliny
CHAPTER VIII. The First and Second Centuries of the Christian Era.86AthenæusPneumatismEclecticsAgathinusAretæusArchigenesDioscoridesCassius FelixPestilence in RomeAncient surgical instrumentsHerodotusHeliodorusCælius AurelianusSoranusRufus of EphesusMarinusQuintus
CHAPTER IX. Galen.96His life and worksHis influence on Medicine
CHAPTER X. The Later Roman and Byzantine Period.111Beginning of DeclineNeoplatonismAntyllusOribasiusMagnusJacobus PsychristusAdamantiusMeletiusNemesiusÆtiusAlexander of TrallesThe PlagueMoschionPaulus ÆginetaDecline of Healing Art
CHAPTER XI. Influence of Christianity on Altruism and the Healing Art.127EssenesCabalists and GnosticsObject of Christ's MissionStoicsConstantine and JustinianGladiatorial GamesOrphanagesSupport of the PoorHospitalsTheir FoundationChristianity and HospitalsFabiolaChristian PhilanthropyDemon Theories of Disease receive the Church's SanctionMonastic MedicineMiracles of HealingSt. PaulSt. LukeProclusPractice of Anatomy denouncedChristianity the prime factor in promoting Altruism
CHAPTER XII. Gymnasia and Baths.143GymnasticsVitruviusOpinions of Ancient Physicians on GymnasticsThe AthletesThe BathsDescription of Baths at PompeiiThermæBaths of Caracalla
CHAPTER XIII. Sanitation.155Water-supplyIts extentThe AqueductsDistribution in cityDrainageDisposal of the DeadCremation and BurialCatacombsPublic Health Regulations
APPENDIX. Fees in Ancient Times162
INDEX. 163
