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1. J. Taitelbaum, Vayoel Moshe (Brooklyn, N.Y., 1959).

2. Airuvin 13b.

3. Berochot 31b.

4. Amos 5:4.

5. Politics.

6. Deuteronomy 18:13.

7. Leviticus 19:34.

8. Yoma 86b.

9. Gittin 10b.

10. The Orthodox literature on this subject is summarized in I. Jakobovits. Jewish Medical Ethics (New York, 1962), pp. 167–69. The author concludes: “Some later authorities add that, when a pregnancy constitutes a permanent danger to life, X-ray or surgical contraceptive treatment is to be preferred to devices requiring constant use. But under no circumstances is the husband permitted to do anything to render his act ineffective. Nor are mere considerations of health, as distinct from life, usually sufficient to warrant active precautions on the part of the wife. Already in the eighteenth century, it is true, a rabbi recognized that it might be advisable to space the arrival of children; but the recommended means to achieve this did not include recourse to contraception.”

11. Zohar, Exodus, beginning.

12. See Philo, De. Spec. Legibus, III, 108–10; Josephus, Contra Apionem, II, 202; I. Jacobovitz, Jewish Medical Ethics, pp. 182—91.

13. Baba Bathra 10a.

14. Baba Mezia 10a.

15. Deuteronomy 21:1—9.

16. Sanhedrin 97a.

17. Hosea 4:1, 6; Isaiah 5:131.

18. Ethics of the Fathers, I, 2.

19. Ibid., 1, 13

20. Megillah 26a.

21. Ethics of the Fathers, IV, 11.

22. Proverbs 9:10.

23. Ibid., 20:27.

24. Gittin 61 a.

25. Midrash Tehillim, Psalm 105:15.

26. Sanhedrin 74a.

27. Ibid., 37a.

28. Samuel 2:20.

29. Jerusalem Talmud, Terumot 8.

30. Micah 4:5.