Читать книгу 101 Things to Know Before Getting a Dog - Susan Ewing M. - Страница 5

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Thinking It Through

Do you really want a dog? This is the very first question you should ask yourself. You may think you want a dog for many reasons: you had a dog as a child, you think your children should have a dog, you like your friend’s dog, and so on. Try to go beyond these thoughts. If you’re the couch-potato type or are rarely ever home, maybe some other pet would suit you better. All animals need attention, but some need more than others.

Cats don’t need daily walks around the block, and they can munch some dry food and visit the litter box if you’re going to be home later than expected. When you’re ready to relax on the couch and watch television, a cat isn’t in going to get in your face, pleading for a game of fetch or a brisk hike in the rain. A cat will be more willing to just curl up in your lap and let you get your fur fix. And, while cats can certainly enjoy the company of other cats, they’re more likely to be content on their own, especially if they have a window seat and can watch the wildlife in your backyard.

Maybe a hamster or a gerbil would be more your style. They’re both furry and cute, but with a full water bottle and some food, they can be left on their own much of the time. Gerbils don’t even need their cages cleaned that often.

How about some fish? An aquarium requires an initial investment in a tank, filters, and heaters, and you do need to clean it occasionally, but, for the most part, once you’ve established your fish, you just need to remember to add food once or twice a day. Beauty, variety, and limited care.

If you want something cuddly but don’t really want to do much work to take care of that something cuddly, maybe a stuffed animal would fit the bill. There are some terrific stuffed animals out there, and they don’t shed, make noise, or eat. Years ago, pet rocks were a fad. Maybe a lovely piece of granite on a shelf would meet your need for something decorative, and it would require only dusting now and then.

Why a Dog?

Unconditional love is one of the things that make dogs so popular. No matter what happens at work, no matter how dysfunctional your family, your dog will love you. Burst into tears, and there’s that faithful friend, trying to lick your face and make it all better. A dog will never criticize your taste in clothes or suggest that you lose a few pounds.

Don’t forget, though, that even unconditional love requires work. A dog doesn’t take care of himself. He needs food, medical care, shelter, and playtime. If you don’t have the time and money to provide what he needs, you’re back to a stuffed toy.

Does Everyone Want a Dog?

“Please, can we get a dog? Please, please, please?” If this sounds like your child, the next phrase out of his or her mouth will likely be, “I’ll take care of him! I promise.” This isn’t true, of course. No matter how much a child says it, or even believes it, the truth is that one or both parents will be responsible for the dog’s care. You can either accept that fact and agree to take on the extra work or convince your child that a stuffed dog is way better than a real dog.

It’s not enough that the child(ren) in the family wants the dog. Based on unscientific research, I’d say that nine out of ten children polled would vote for a dog. However, the entire family must want the dog. It’s not fair to the dog if one family member dislikes him and ignores or, worse, abuses him. It’s not fair to the dog if there’s no primary caretaker. Kids will agree to anything to get a dog, but they are still kids, which means that they’ll forget to put down clean water, or feed the dog on time, or give him his daily walk. It’s up to an adult to make sure that the dog receives proper care, and that’s less likely to happen if the adult in charge didn’t really want the dog to begin with. This is why a dog should never be a surprise gift. Unless your best friend has been insisting that a Golden Retriever would make her life complete, or you know that Aunt Sally can’t live without a Pomeranian, give a box of chocolates instead.

How Big? Male or Female? And More …

Consider what size dog you should get. You may have your heart set on a Great Dane or a St. Bernard, but if you live in a studio apartment, that may not be the best choice. While most large breeds are fairly docile and do not have extensive exercise needs, you’ll want everyone to be comfortable, so consider how much room a specific dog will take up and how much room that leaves you. On the other hand, some small dogs, such as Parson Russell Terriers, are very energetic. With any dog, size isn’t the only consideration; you must factor in the dog’s exercise needs as well.

Also think about what type of coat a dog has. If you’ve always wanted to be a hairdresser, a dog who needs frequent grooming may be your perfect choice. For example, Poodles, whether in show coat or puppy trim, need to be clipped every four to six weeks. Taking the dog to a professional groomer will save you some work, but the costs can add up. Whether you buy grooming equipment and learn to do it yourself or make regular visits to a groomer, you can’t let grooming slide. Even many shorter coated breeds have double coats and shed heavily twice a year, and you’ll need to brush all that dead fur out. Dogs with softer coats and no undercoat, like Lhasa Apsos and Shih Tzus, need to be kept in short puppy clips or be combed out daily to prevent mats.

All dogs need their nails trimmed on a regular basis. If you live in the city and walk your dog frequently on pavement, his nails will wear down and may not need as much manual clipping. There are several types of canine nail clippers on the market if you want to do it yourself, or you can visit a groomer. Generally, nails need to be clipped every four to six weeks.

Male or female? You may or may not have a preference. Both sexes can be loving, loyal companions. Depending on the breed, males may be significantly larger, so that may be a consideration. Some people find males to be more independent and females to be more willing to please, but this may be something that shows up in a particular breed or family line rather than a trait that has anything to do with gender.

With the particular line of Pembroke Welsh Corgis that I’ve had, the males have always been less inclined to obey than the females. And if I were upset for some reason, the females seemed more concerned—one of my males would go so far as to run upstairs and hide if I was crying. None of this made any difference in the amount of love I felt for them.

Some people would rather have a female because of the male’s tendency to lift a leg and mark territory. Neutering helps lessen this behavior in males but may not stop it entirely.

When it comes to temperament, all dogs are different in terms of personality, and there are differences within breeds, depending on parentage and how the dogs were raised, but you can make certain generalizations about breeds that will help you decide which breed might be best for you. If you are interested in a mixed breed, it’s helpful to know what breeds are in the mix.

All reputable breeders strive for even temperament in their dogs. This means that, regardless of breed, breeders want dogs who are confident and not shy or fearful. Any well-socialized dog will face new experiences calmly, but a dog’s breed has more bearing on whether a dog will be wary of strangers or happy to kiss everyone. For example, many working dogs may have been bred to guard and protect, so these breeds will be less likely to be effusive in greeting strangers—at the same time, they shouldn’t be so fearful or defensive that they attack.

If you have a large family and active household, with a lot of friends coming and going, a Golden Retriever might be a better choice than, say, an Akita. That’s not to say that you can’t have both an Akita and an active social life, but you may need to put in more time training and socializing that Akita.

Puppy or Adult?

Adult and puppy Bernese Mountain Dog

People tend to think of puppies when they think about getting a dog, but there are many reasons why an adult dog might be a better choice. For one thing, if you get a puppy, be prepared for sleep deprivation. Until your puppy has grown a bit, you will have to get up and get your puppy out quickly when he needs to go. It doesn’t take forever for him to “hold it” through the night, but it can feel like it! If you’re young and have a young family, then you’ll already be used to not sleeping through the night, so getting a puppy won’t be as disruptive. Also, puppies are clueless. You need to take the time, and have the patience, to work with your puppy until you understand each other.

You may not know the background of an adult dog, but an adult is likely to have a working knowledge of basic commands, such as Sit, Stay, and Come. An adult dog will probably be housetrained; even if he is not, he will learn more quickly than a puppy. An adult dog may also be totally up to date on his vaccinations, which will reduce the initial cost of bringing home your new dog.

A Dog’s Vocabulary

There are many things I did not set out to purposely teach my dogs, but they’ve added many words to their vocabularies on their own. They know what I mean when I say “Do you want to go out?” Or “Do you want some cheese?” Or “Stop that!” They know to head for their crates when I say “kennel” … and lots more besides.

Puppies spend a lot of time exploring and, like toddlers, they tend to put much of what they find in their mouths. You need to puppy-proof your home, just like you would for a child. Older dogs are much less likely to poke into every cupboard, although if they smell something enticing, all bets are off.

Puppies teethe. That means nothing is safe from tiny teeth. This may work as an incentive for your family to keep the house tidy. Otherwise, shoes and slippers are fair game, as are towels, shirts, blankets, and pillows. My most recent puppy found a bit of loose wallpaper in the kitchen and enjoyed chewing and tugging on it. Well, I was planning to redo the kitchen anyway!

My first Corgi puppy found and chewed the corner of a treasured book. That was the day I asked myself, Which do you value more, the book or the puppy? The puppy won, but if you have something you would hate to see damaged by teeth marks, put it out of your puppy’s reach. If the puppy chews the leg of a chair, you may appreciate the memories that chair brings back when your dog is gone. If the chair’s an antique, put it in the attic until the dog’s an adult.

New Routines

Some people feel that an older dog will come with more “baggage” than a puppy. While it’s true that the older dog will have gotten used to particular routines that may or may not be part of your own routines, he is still able to adapt to a new home and lifestyle.

Adult dogs are past the teething stage, so your belongings are relatively safe. An adult dog might occasionally chew something forbidden, but it shouldn’t be an everyday occurrence. All of her adult life, one of my Corgis would destroy any pencil she found unattended—nothing else, just pencils.

Digging is another activity that seems to be puppy-related. Terriers, of course, will dig throughout their entire lives because it’s what they were bred to do, and terrier owners must accept that. All types of puppies seem to enjoy digging, though. If you have an immaculate lawn or garden, you may want to reconsider that stuffed animal. Or, you can designate an area of the yard for digging and teach your dog to dig there and nowhere else. An easy way to create such an area is to get a kiddie wading pool and fill it partway with dirt or sand. You can encourage your dog to dig in it by hiding a few treats and special toys just under the surface. If the dog loses interest, just reseed with tasty treats.

An older dog may not be as playful as a puppy. Unless you lead a very active lifestyle, though, less playful may be a good thing.

Getting an older dog doesn’t mean that you can’t still have a specific breed, if that’s what you’re looking for. Just research your breed-specific rescue. If you don’t care about getting a purebred, your local shelter is just the place. Or, check out Petfinder.com, where you’re likely to find a variety of purebred and mixed-breed dogs.

Lifestyle Considerations

Age—Yours, Not the Dog’s

You need to consider your age just as much as the dog’s. Having a puppy is a lot like having a child in that it’s much easier when you’re young. As much as you hear that “60 is the new 40,” and as good as you feel and as healthy as you think you are, trust me—when it comes to raising a puppy, 60 is the new 70. Had I given it more thought when we got our last puppy, I would have adopted an older dog.

Is it Hot (or Cold) in Here?

Even with central heat and air conditioning, it’s still a good idea to think about your area’s climate before you choose a dog. Sure, you can live in Florida and share your home with a Siberian Husky or an Alaskan Malamute, or you can live in Wisconsin with an American Hairless Terrier, but you might have to make more adjustments than if you had considered climate first.

Northern breeds were bred to have thick double coats to protect them from snow and cold. Giving one of these breeds the exercise they need and want in a hot-weather location can be a challenge. Sure, you can exercise your dog early in the morning and in the evenings when it’s cooler, but if you live near Phoenix, Arizona, for instance, “cooler” may mean 80 degrees in the summer. For a dog bred to be active, staying indoors most of the time isn’t fair.

And that American Hairless Terrier? He’s not going to be happy in the snow. You’ll need nice warm sweaters and probably booties as well. You may think that you’ll enjoy dressing your dog, but imagine doing it at least three to five times a day when your dog needs to go out. And, you certainly can’t let your dog out into your yard and forget him. When we have sub-zero temperatures, my Pembroke Welsh Corgis get cold feet within three minutes of going out, and a short-coated or hairless dog has an even smaller window of time for outdoor activity in winter weather.

Litter Training

If you choose a small short-coated or hairless dog in a cold climate, an option is to train your dog to do his business indoors, in a litter box. It’s a workable solution, but think about it ahead of time. If you don’t like the idea, consider a different type of dog.

Couch Potato or Triathlete?

Another thing to consider is your activity level and that of your family. A Dalmatian may be the perfect dog for you if you like getting out every day for a 5-mile run. If you prefer to collapse into your favorite chair after a day at work and want a dog who will be happy to watch television with you, select a toy breed or possibly one of the smaller non-sporting breeds. All dogs need exercise, though, so no matter what size or type of dog you choose, never forget that he needs attention and some activity.

And don’t think you can base energy level on the size of the dog. A Saint Bernard can be happy with less exercise than a smaller terrier or herding dog. A Greyhound needs a good race around your fenced yard once or twice a day, and then he will willingly join you on the couch until it’s time to go to bed—and he will happily join you there, too!

Check First!

Always check with your landlord before you get a dog; if you haven’t discussed whether pets are allowed, don’t just assume that your landlord will permit a dog. Maybe your landlord is fine with dogs, but only smaller ones. Check your lease and speak to your landlord in person about any restrictions. Your landlord may require an additional security deposit to cover any damage or have certain rules about use of the yard. If you already know that your landlord does not allow dogs, don’t try to sneak one in. The landlord will find out, sooner or later, and it’s the dog who will pay the price. It would be terrible if you bought or adopted a dog and then couldn’t keep him. Ask first!

Time and Expenses

Two other very important questions you must ask yourself before getting a dog—right up there with “do I want a dog at all?”—are “am I prepared for the expense of owning a dog?” and “how much time do I have to devote to a dog?” According to the AKC website (www.akc.org), in 2015, two veterinary students totaled the first year’s costs for small-, medium-, large-, and giant-breed puppies. Keeping in mind that expenses for the first year are likely going to be higher than average (puppies eat more, first shots, spaying or neutering), the numbers can be intimidating. The results are as follows: “The average cost for the first year of raising small dogs was $2,674; medium dogs, on average, cost $2,889; the cost for large dogs is $3,239; and giant breeds, such as Great Danes, have an annual cost of $3,536.”

The students figured in one serious illness per year, but many dogs go year after year without needing more than just their annual checkups. Still, other costs, such as training, beds, toys, and fencing, are not included in these numbers.

Keeping in mind that small dogs live longer than large or giant dogs, you will be responsible for your dog for approximately ten to eighteen years. After the excitement and the newness wear off, are you prepared for the long haul? It’s easy to fall in love with a puppy, but be honest—will you love him just as much when he’s an adult? Will you love him when he’s old, slow, and possibly incontinent? Will you love him when the veterinary bills start adding up? How about when you have to pay extra for special food or medicines?

Dogs typically cost more at both ends of their lives. As your dog ages, he may need medicine for arthritis. He may need to have some teeth pulled. He may need a more expensive senior-formula or prescription food. Maybe you’ll need to buy a ramp if he can no longer manage stairs.

On the bright side, dogs are cheaper than children. Obedience lessons are cheaper than college, and your dog won’t be asking for a car, the latest smartphone, or an expensive pair of shoes. Even so, consider the expenses. If your budget can’t stretch another penny, or if you’d rather save your money for a world cruise, you’re back to a stuffed animal or a pet rock.

It’s OK to not want a dog to begin with. It’s not OK to mistreat or abandon a dog when he’s no longer a cute puppy or when he causes you extra work. But, that’s not you. You want a dog and are prepared to take care of him for life. If you’ve never had a dog, maybe you don’t realize how much time that dog may need.

Puppies, of course, take a lot of time. Many breeds housetrain very quickly, but while a puppy is being trained, someone has to be there to make sure he is taken out on a regular schedule. If you leave home at 7:00 in the morning and are gone for twelve hours, you’ll need to make arrangements for someone to take care of your puppy during the day.

The dog’s age also plays a part in how much time and attention your new friend will need. Younger dogs are typically more active and have more energy. They’re also more likely to be destructive if left alone. They get bored, are full of bounce, and may decide that the woodwork makes an ideal chew toy. If they’re teething, then almost anything is fair game for easing the itchy, achy feeling of new teeth coming in.

Some breeds need more exercise no matter what their age. If you’re giving that Dalmatian a good long run twice a day, fine. If you don’t have the time and energy for that, choose a breed that’s happier with a stroll around the block.

If you love spur-of-the-moment getaways, maybe you should rethink getting a dog. You can’t just take off for a long weekend without making arrangements for your dog, whether that’s a boarding kennel, a pet sitter, or taking the dog with you. If you take the dog with you, you have to first make sure that he is welcome wherever you’re going. Will you want to take the time to pack everything you will need for your dog?

Other Considerations

A noisy dog will do nothing to endear you to your neighbors.

Some people let their own nationality factor into their choice of dog. Someone with Scottish ancestry may select a Scottish Terrier or a Scottish Deerhound, for example. When my father finally got a dog, I think his Welsh heritage played a part in his choosing a Pembroke Welsh Corgi. However, nationality should not be the sole reason for your choice; you must still pick a dog whose traits you like and who will be compatible with your lifestyle.

Allergies may also play a part in the selection process. One of the reasons Poodles and Poodle crosses are so popular is that they may be hypoallergenic. Note the word “may.” No dog is totally hypoallergenic, and some dogs that cause a problem with one person may be fine with another. Three breeds that are typically considered possible choices for those who are allergic to most dogs are Poodles, Portuguese Water Dogs, and Kerry Blue Terriers, because they have coats that are closer to hair than fur. These breeds don’t shed, but they need to be trimmed regularly.

Allergic reactions in some people may have more to do with whether or not there’s an undercoat. Single-coated dogs, like the Maltese, Shih Tzu, and Yorkshire Terrier, may be just fine for the allergy sufferer.

Years ago, a woman got in touch with me for information about Pembroke Welsh Corgis. She had researched several breeds, and the Corgi was one of the breeds that fit her criteria for a pet. Her concern was that she was allergic to some dogs, but not others, and she didn’t want to get a dog and then find out she was allergic. At the time, I had five Corgis, so I invited her over to see what would happen. It wasn’t long before she was sneezing and her eyes and nose were running. She continued her search and eventually got a Parson Russell Terrier, which worked out very well for her. Each person is different.

Do you mind if a dog is noisy? If you own your own home, it might not matter if your dog barks at every leaf that falls, but if you’re in an apartment, a quiet dog will keep relations friendly with other tenants.

The Right Dog for Everyone

Dogs have been companions to people for thousands of years, and they range in size from Chihuahuas to Irish Wolfhounds. They have short hair, long hair, and no hair. Some bark a lot, and others rarely make a sound. With a little research and effort, you can find the perfect dog for your situation—but take time to do that research! It’s easy to fall in love, but if there’s not some thought behind it, it’s just as easy to fall out of love.

The Initial Expenses

Adopting a mixed breed comes with the initial expense of adoption fees or a donation.

A purebred puppy from a breeder will most likely cost more initially than adopting a dog from a rescue or shelter. Pet-quality puppies often, but not always, cost less than show quality puppies. Some breeders charge the same price for all puppies because the same care goes into producing each puppy in the litter. “Pet quality” just means that, in the breeder’s opinion, the dog is not likely to win in the show ring. The puppy may have an undesirable marking or a physical trait that only a show judge would notice, such as a shoulder angle that’s not quite up to the breed standard. A dog should not be deemed pet quality because of any health issue. In fact, purchasing from a reputable breeder may even save you money on veterinary bills in the long run because genetic problems likely won’t show up later in your dog’s life.

Prices for purebred dogs cover a wide range. Generally, rare breeds will cost more because the supply is limited. Breeds that produce larger litters may be cheaper than breeds that typically only produce one or two pups in a litter. Conversely, if a breed becomes popular rapidly—for example, because of a movie (think 101 Dalmatians or Beethoven)—the price may go up because people are willing to pay for the privilege of owning a “celebrity” breed.

Even within a breed, prices can vary depending on the part of the country you’re in or what an individual breeder feels she can reasonably charge. You may be willing to pay more if you’re working with an expert breeder with a stellar reputation.

Rescue and shelter dogs will also cost something, even if just for spaying or neutering and necessary vaccinations. Many rescue organizations will charge an adoption fee to help defray the costs of housing, feeding, and veterinary visits for the dogs in their care.

What happens if you’ve found the perfect dog from a breeder or rescue, but he’s 500 miles away? Are you willing to make the trip to get that dog? The Internet has made it easy to look at and compare multiple dogs from all over the country, but once you’ve made your choice, you need to get your dog. If you’ll want to pick up your dog in person, think about how far you’re willing to travel before you fall in love. In some cases, shipping or a rescue transport may be possible, but the logistics are not always simple.

If you’re picking up the dog yourself, will the seller be supplying a crate, or will you need to buy one before you make the trip? Are you crossing state lines, entering another country, or staying in a campground overnight? Make sure that you have all of the necessary paperwork for traveling with your new pet.

If you’re asking a breeder or a rescue group to ship your dog, know your options. If the dog will be shipped by air, check the airline regulations. Many airlines limit the number of animals they will accept on any given flight. If the flight has a connection, or a stop, where will the dog be during that stop? Also, most airlines will not ship an animal if the temperature is below 45 degrees F or above 85 degrees F at the originating airport, at your destination, or anywhere else the plane is scheduled to land. You’ll also need an airline-approved crate for shipping, so that’s an extra expense.

Some rescue groups have teams of volunteers who will help transport dogs to their new homes, but because the date of the transport is dependent on the schedules of those volunteers, you may have to wait longer than you’d like for your dog, and you may still need to drive a distance to get to the transport stop nearest to you. Some rescue organizations charge a fee to reimburse the volunteers for gas and travel costs, while others do not—in the latter case, you should consider making a donation to the rescue anyway.

Purebred Dogs

Beagle adult and puppy

There are approximately 200 breeds of dog recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC), with more on their way to recognition each year. The AKC categorizes breeds into seven regular groups—Terrier, Toy, Hound, Working, Herding, Sporting, and Non-Sporting—based on what the breeds were originally bred to do. An eighth group, the Miscellaneous Class, comprises breeds who have lower numbers in the United States and are in the process of proving their viability. Worldwide, there are more than 400 recognized breeds! So, you’ve got a wide field to choose from.

Terriers are generally high-energy, fearless dogs who were bred to “go to ground”—a.k.a. dig—to catch prey. Toy breeds were created as portable companions. Hounds were originally part of the Sporting Group and are further classified as scenthounds or sighthounds based on their hunting style. Working dogs were bred to haul loads, act as guards, or protect livestock. Herding breeds were bred to herd livestock, moving them from place to place. The Sporting Group contains dogs that were bred to find game and, in many cases, retrieve it. The Non-Sporting Group covers a wide range of dogs, from Boston Terriers to Dalmatians, who were originally bred for specific jobs that no longer exist. If you want a dog for a specific purpose, like ridding a barn of vermin, herding a flock of sheep, or retrieving ducks, studying the dogs in the appropriate group will help you find the right dog for the job.

Consistency in Breeding

Don’t discount purebreds because you’ve heard that mixed breeds are healthier. Reputable breeders work hard to produce dogs that are sound physically and mentally, and they take advantage of the health tests available for their breeding stock. That doesn’t guarantee that a purebred won’t have a problem, but it’s a good start.

One reason for choosing a purebred is that you want to compete in events that allow only purebreds. Years ago, I attended a dog show and was fascinated by the dogs in the obedience ring. I wanted to do that, too. At the time, we had a mixed-breed dog, and competitive events were open only to purebreds. After some research, I got our first Pembroke Welsh Corgi. Times have changed, and, while you still need a purebred to compete in conformation shows, mixed breeds can now compete in performance events.

Another reason you might choose a purebred puppy or dog is that you know exactly what you are getting as far as size, weight, coat, and, to some extent, temperament. There’s no guesswork involved. A Corgi puppy will not grow to be 3 feet tall and weigh more than 100 pounds. A Chihuahua will remain lap-sized. A St. Bernard will be large and furry and will drool. A sporting breed should be willing and able to help you find and retrieve game. If you live in a rural area, a terrier can help control the rodent population.

Reliable breeders will know what health problems are likely to occur in their breeds and will test their breeding stock in an effort to eliminate, or lessen, the chance of that problem occurring in their litters. They breed not only for good health but also for temperament, and they socialize their puppies, giving them the best start possible before the puppies go to their permanent homes. A reliable breeder will offer a contract, spelling out the agreement between the breeder and the buyer, and the breeder will take that dog back at any stage of the dog’s life, for whatever reason. No reputable breeder wants a dog she’s bred to end up in a shelter.

Note that not all breeders are reputable. They may not know or care about hereditary health issues when they match up dogs for breeding. They probably won’t worry about which puppy is best for which home. Reputable breeders try to do their best for both the dog and the buyer, but it’s also up to you, as a buyer, to protect your own interests. The more you know about your chosen breed, the better prepared you’ll be to get the very best dog for you.

A reputable breeder is the best way to get a quality puppy if you think you’d like to show your dog in conformation. Experienced breeders are generally able to tell the difference between a show-quality puppy and one with some minor fault that would prevent him from winning at a conformation show.

You may have your heart set on rescuing a dog, and that’s great! Even purebreds need to be rescued. If you’ve fallen in love with a particular breed but aren’t interested in showing and don’t care if you have a puppy or adult, check out the rescue organizations that exist to help that breed. Purebreds also end up in shelters.

Further on, you’ll see pages devoted to each of the AKC groups of purebred dogs. Take a look at them. Even if you decide on a mixed breed, knowing a bit about what might have gone into that mixed breed may save you from choosing the wrong dog.

A Purebred’s “Papers”

Generally speaking, purebred dogs in the United States will be registered with either the AKC or the United Kennel Club (UKC). Depending on where you live, you might have access to dogs registered with the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC). When I was growing up, a dog that “had papers” was considered superior to other dogs, and you might still consider it a point of pride to have a registered dog, but keep in mind that registration with any recognized organization just means that the dog’s parents were both of the same breed. Registration is no guarantee of quality. The parents could be lovely examples of the breed, or they could be oversized, mismarked, cow-hocked, genetic disasters whose offspring could still be registered (although a reputable breeder would not use poor-quality dogs for breeding).

An unscrupulous breeder can breed brother and sister together—as long as they are the same breed, the puppies may be registered. Or, that same breeder could breed two dogs with no genetic testing and produce a litter with a congenital illness. So, do your homework on breeders. A responsible breeder will ensure that the quality is there, along with the registration papers.

Where to Find a Purebred

Boxer puppy

There are several good ways to search for your new purebred best friend. Start by visiting the American Kennel Club’s website at www.akc.org or the United Kennel Club’s website at www.ukcdogs.com. On these websites, you’ll find information on the national clubs—also called parent clubs—of the organization’s registered breeds. Your chosen breed’s parent club can help you find a breeder.

A local kennel club in your area may also be able to put you in touch with a breeder. Or, attend a dog show. Dog shows are a great way to see many different breeds all in one location. If a particular breed catches your eye, talk to the handler about what the breed is like to live with.

If you decide to attend a dog show, there are some things to keep in mind. First, morning is a great time to see obedience or agility, if these events are part of the show. Second, unless it’s a benched show, of which there are very few, people may leave after they’ve shown. Get a judging schedule or check InfoDog online (www.infodog.com) if you want to know when a specific breed will be shown. If you’re interested in Corgis, for instance, and they are being shown at 8:00 a.m., don’t go at 11 a.m. with hopes of talking to Corgi people.

Finally, ask when you can talk to someone about your chosen breed. If a handler is busy grooming or rushing to the ring, he or she is likely to be abrupt because the main concern at that moment is showing, not talking. Once the judging is over, you’ll find that most dog people are happy to talk to you and answer questions. This is an excellent way to learn about a breed’s temperament, energy level, and grooming needs.

If you’re doing a general online search for a purebred, rather than looking at breeders you found through a reputable registry, such as AKC, the UKC, or a parent club, beware. Not all those who have websites are good breeders; they may just be fancy puppy mills. If a site offers more than two breeds, that’s a red flag. If the site says that the breeder always has puppies, that’s another red flag. Reputable breeders plan their litters carefully and rarely “always” have puppies.

Beware of anyone claiming to have “rare” examples of a breed. “Rare” frequently means “more money,” and “rare” is not always a good thing—there is probably a reason that a particular trait is rare. As an example, in Pembroke Welsh Corgis, a longhaired Corgi is called a “fluffy.” This is a fault that would count against the dog in the show ring. A recessive gene causes the fluffy coat, and breeders try to avoid producing fluffies. For that reason, a fluffy is “rare.” A fluffy makes a perfectly good pet for someone willing to groom the longer coat, and it’s acceptable to sell such a dog as a pet. It is not acceptable, however, to ask for more money because the dog is “rare.” In another example, a “rare” all-white Boxer may be deaf.

Avoid dogs being sold as “teacup.” Some dogs are supposed to be tiny, but the “teacup” designation is not used in the standard of any breed. In some cases, dogs have been bred down to such a small size that health problems multiply and their life spans may be drastically shortened.

You may also find a specific breed in a rescue organization or at a shelter. In these cases, you won’t know if the dog has been tested for genetic diseases, and you won’t be able to see the parents or any siblings. However, adopting from a rescue or shelter is a great way to bring home your chosen breed while giving a deserving dog a second chance at a good home.

Rare Breeds

Certain breeds are considered rare. The Norwegian Lundehund, for example, is a rare breed in the United States because there aren’t very many registered Lundehunds in the country.

Interviewing a Breeder

If you’ve decided on a purebred, you’ll have to choose a breeder. You’ll want to talk to the breeder and ask her any questions you have about the breed, and the breeder will have questions for you, too. At first, it may seem like a good breeder doesn’t want to sell any of her puppies because she will start off by telling you everything negative about the breed. Yes, she wants to sell the puppies, but she wants them to go to good homes and to people who are ready for the pros and cons of that particular breed.

Using Corgis as an example, they shed a lot, they bark—some more than others—and they can be stubborn. If you want peace and quiet and very little shedding, a Corgi wouldn’t be the right choice. If you treasure your perfectly landscaped yard, a terrier, with his instinct to dig, may not be a good choice. Newfoundland and St. Bernard breeders may warn you that when the dog shakes his head, you could end up with drool on your walls and maybe even your ceiling. Don’t fall so in love with a breed that you ignore the negatives. You will be living with that dog for upward of a decade. Be prepared.

For your part, ask about any hereditary diseases and if the parents have been tested for these problems. Don’t believe a breeder who says she never needs to test her dogs because they are all perfect.

If you are looking at a puppy, ask to see the mother of the litter as well as all of the puppies. You may not be able to see the father if he doesn’t live with the breeder. Your breeder may select the puppy she thinks best fits your lifestyle, but you should still be allowed to see all of the puppies and the mother. If the facilities aren’t clean or if any puppy looks ill, find another breeder.

Questions and Contracts

A good breeder will have many questions for you before she agrees to sell you one of her puppies. For example, a breeder will likely ask if you’ve ever had a dog before and, if so, what happened to him. If you say you’ve had five dogs who have all been hit by cars and killed, the odds are good that you won’t get a dog from this breeder. The breeder will also want to know if you’ve ever owned this specific breed before. Not every breed is right for every person or family.

The breeder will ask about your yard and whether it’s fenced. She’ll ask how you plan to exercise your dog. She’ll ask if you own or rent your home. She’ll ask if you have children and, if so, how old they are. Be honest with your answers. Your breeder wants the best for both you and the dog, and she may be able to give you advice on the best way to exercise your dog or how to teach your children to respect the dog. Breeders want everyone, human and canine, to be happy, and they’ve learned what questions to ask and what the best responses to those questions are.

Dogs and Kids

Generally, breeders of toy dogs don’t like to place them in homes with children under five years of age, who may not fully understand how gentle they must be with a dog. Sometimes breeders of giant breeds have the same restriction because a clumsy, playful puppy that weighs 40 or more pounds could inadvertently injure a small child.

A reputable breeder will have a sales contract that spells out just what is being offered and what each of you promises. For instance, a contract may say that the puppy, depending on his age, has already had certain vaccinations. It may give you a window of time, anywhere from forty-eight hours to two weeks, for you to have the puppy examined by a veterinarian. If the doctor finds anything seriously wrong with the puppy during this time frame, you may be able to return the puppy to the breeder for either a refund or a replacement puppy. The contract may require you to spay or neuter the puppy at a specified age and to show proof of the procedure to the breeder. The contract will also say that the breeder will take the dog back at any time. Responsible breeders are responsible for the dogs they breed for the dogs’ entire lives.

Sometimes, a breeder will offer co-ownerships. Breeders frequently do this with show-quality dogs because they want to get their kennels recognized for their quality. Such a breeder may make showing the dog a condition of ownership and may sign the dog over to you once you’ve put a championship or performance title on the dog. In other cases, the contract may specify that the breeder gets to breed the dog and, if the dog is a female, to keep a specified number of the puppies before signing over ownership.

Co-ownership contracts may mean a lower price initially and can be beneficial to both parties, but think carefully before you agree to a co-ownership. If there are conditions such as showing or breeding, are you interested in spending the time and money to show a dog? Do you want to deal with a female in season until it’s time to breed her? If something goes wrong, then what?

The bottom line is that contracts are designed to protect both parties, but you need to understand the terms. If you don’t like the terms, and you and the seller can’t agree, it’s time to look for another reputable breeder.

A Perfect Match

The breeder’s questions are not meant to prevent you from getting a dog; rather, they are a tool to make sure that you get the right dog.

Mixed Breeds

One advantage to a mixed breed is that the initial cost will be lower. When you buy a purebred puppy from a reputable breeder, you are paying for all of the health checks and careful study that went into the breeding. You are paying for a known commodity as far as size, amount of fur, activity level, and general temperament. With a mixed breed, you may not be able to meet either parent. You won’t know if the puppy is carrying the genes for progressive blindness or whether he is predisposed to hip dysplasia.

Unless someone has intentionally bred two purebreds to create a mixed breed, like a Goldendoodle, or you know who the puppy’s parents were, there’s no way to know what a mixed-breed dog’s background is unless you have a DNA test done. Before spending some time with the dog, you won’t know if he will be protective, or love water, or have a tendency to bay at the moon.

Try to find out as much as you can about a mixed-breed puppy or dog. Rescue groups usually put their dogs in foster homes, where they are able to live in a family environment, which may include children, other dogs, or other pets. In this way, the rescue is able to learn about the dog’s traits and behavior. In shelters, volunteers are often able to tell how a dog reacts to other dogs or to cats as well as the people who visit the shelter to look at the dogs.

If you’ve fallen in love with a roly-poly puppy and you don’t care how much fur he’ll have as an adult or whether he’ll grow up to weigh 14 or 40 or 140 pounds, go ahead and follow your heart. Mixed breeds offer just as much love, fun, and companionship as any purebred can and can even enjoy most of the performance events that a purebred can.

Pet Stores

While there may be pet stores with healthy, well-socialized puppies, most pet store stock comes from puppy mills, where the only concern is cranking out “product.” It’s best to steer clear. Besides not having any health checks and possibly being the product of tight inbreeding, many puppies end up being in the store well past the optimal time for socialization. Some may be months old before they ever even set foot on grass. You may be buying both health problems and temperament instabilities when you buy from a pet store, and most pet stores offer no guarantees and won’t take back a puppy once he’s sold. Pet-store puppies frequently cost more than healthy puppies from reputable breeders, and the pet store will not be there to answer questions and guide you like a breeder or rescue volunteer would.

Many pet supply stores, however, do open their doors to shelters and rescue groups, giving them a chance to showcase their available animals, and that’s a good way to meet several dogs of different ages, sizes, and energy levels.

Adopting from a Shelter

Shelters are full of dogs, both purebred and mixed breed, whose original owners didn’t take the time to research what kind of dog would be best for their families. They fell in love with puppies who grew too big or too hairy or too active. If you’re actively looking for a dog, visit your local shelter on a regular basis because new dogs come in frequently. If you’re looking for a specific breed, ask if they’ll call you if they ever get that breed in. A friend of mine did just that and ended up with the Dalmatian he wanted.

While most dogs in shelters are adults, you may find puppies from time to time. The drawback to getting a mixed-breed puppy from a shelter is that, while you may be able to guess at the puppy’s lineage, you won’t really be able to tell how big or small the dog will be as an adult.

Another drawback with shelters is that your selection may be limited. Even if you’ll be perfectly happy with a mixed breed, you may still have preferences as to size, coat type, or activity level. Small, cute dogs are the first to get adopted. Black dogs are frequently last. Depending on your region, pit bulls and pit bull crosses may be in the majority at your local shelter. Pit bulls can make wonderful pets for those who want an active, strong, short-coated dog. If you’re looking for something smaller and fluffier, you may have a long wait before the dog of your dreams is at the shelter.

Look Online

Many shelters and rescue groups post dogs available for adoption on the Internet. Some popular sites are Petfinder.com, Adoptadog.com, and Petcha.com. Using these sites, you can check out adoptable dogs all across the country. Click on a dog that interests you, and you’ll get more information about that dog, including how to contact the group that has him.

Some shelters network with other area shelters to help a wider range of dogs find homes. Some shelters may also have foster homes that take in dogs to learn more about their personalities, such as whether they are good with other dogs, with cats, or with children. The shelter itself may work with the dogs to do some temperament testing and learn more about them. Our local shelter has a “test cat” that they use to determine how a dog will react to cats, but not all shelters do that. If you have small children or other pets, you need to consider this before you adopt.

Animal shelters may not have many adoption requirements, but shelters are typically overcrowded and may not know too much about the available dogs unless they’ve had volunteers spend time with the dogs. Author Caroline Coile, writing in ShowSight magazine (March 2016) says, “While many fine dogs come from shelters, it is truly a case of adopter beware. Adopters should ask about a dog’s history, reason for surrender, and, if possible, should talk to [the] former owner. Caveats such as ‘doesn’t like men/women/children’ or ‘has nipped on occasion’ or ‘must have experienced owner’ may be red flags.”

Sometimes dogs are surrendered to shelters complete with veterinary records and registration papers, if applicable, but this is not the norm. However, sometimes the shelter can find out something about the dog’s background from the person surrendering the dog.

In the Mix

Our first dog came from a shelter, and we were told that she was a St. Bernard/German Shepherd Dog mix. I think that was pretty accurate, but at that time, I didn’t realize that giant breeds like St. Bernards take about two years to fully mature. I thought that, at six months, Ginger was about as big as she’d get. I was wrong. Had I done a little research on giant breeds, I’d have known that Ginger was going to keep growing.

It didn’t matter to us that she finally topped out at 110 pounds, but someone else might have returned her to the shelter.

Rescue Groups

Dogs end up in rescue for many reasons. One reason may be that the former owners didn’t research the breed. They may have fallen in love with a cute puppy (and what puppy isn’t cute?) and found out as the puppy grew up that the breed was too big or too hairy or too noisy. Sometimes, older people are just not able to care for a dog anymore, and that dog may end up in rescue. Some people just give up on a dog when he reaches adolescence or when he chews up one too many pairs of shoes (which could have been avoided by putting shoes out of the dog’s reach).

There are many rescue groups who focus solely on one breed or type of dog (e.g., giant breeds, senior dogs) as well as rescues who take in purebreds and mixed breeds, adults and puppies, and large and small alike. A rescue group may cover a large area, such as an entire state or multiple states, and there are also smaller, more local, groups. In my area, there’s a rescue group that takes in only hounds, mainly Beagles and Beagle crosses. Another small rescue takes in all breeds.

If you’re looking for a purebred, and you don’t know of any local rescues, visit the AKC’s website to find information for that breed’s parent club; almost all AKC parent clubs have a rescue component or can refer you to a breed-specific rescue group. Some parent clubs list all of the rescue organizations connected with their breed; with others, you can contact the national rescue volunteer to find groups in your area. Find the one closest to your home and start there.

There may be some conditions and will likely be a contract involved with adopting from a rescue group. Most rescue groups start out by having you fill out an application so that the rescue understands what type of dog you’re looking for and learns about what type of home you can provide for a dog. Once you’re approved for adoption, you’ll get into the specifics of what dogs are available for adoption and which one(s) might fit well into your family. If the rescue has no good matches for you at that time, they will contact you when a suitable dog enters their rescue.

The rescue may ask your preference as to sex, color, and age. If you have a preference. answer honestly. It may seem shallow to say that you want a red Corgi and not a tri-color, but for a successful adoption, both you and the dog have to be happy.

On one rescue application I saw, potential adopters were asked how they would handle a specific behavior problem. If questions like this come up, don’t be afraid to say that you don’t know or that you’d find a professional trainer to help. Professional trainers are professional for a reason. They’ve seen, and dealt with, many problems, some of which may be beyond the knowledge of the average pet owner.

A basic question that is on all rescue questionnaires (and shelter applications, too) is whether you rent or own your home. If you rent, you may be asked to provide a letter from your landlord stating that you are allowed to have a dog and that no restrictions would prevent you from having the particular type of dog in which you are interested.

With many rescue groups, the dogs awaiting adoption spend time in foster homes, allowing the rescue volunteers to evaluate them in a home environment. You’ll know before you adopt if the dog likes other animals, is good with children, or is a couch potato. Rescue groups want their charges to go to forever homes, and they work hard to make the best matches possible.

Docking and Cropping

Adult Doberman Pinscher with cropped ears.

Many dog breeds traditionally have their tails docked and/or their ears cropped, with reasons rooted in history. Centuries ago, people thought that docked tails prevented rabies. In the 1700s, in Great Britain, there was a tax on working dogs with tails, so many breeds were docked to avoid the tax. Further, many working, herding, and sporting breeds had their tails docked to prevent tail injuries in the field. Terriers frequently had their tails docked so that the remaining length would provide an easy handhold if the dog needed to be pulled from a burrow.

Tails may be docked at various lengths. In the United States, Pembroke Welsh Corgis’ tails are cut so that very little tail is in evidence, Boxers’ tails are docked to a short stubs, and Poodles’ tails are docked to ½ to 2⁄3 of the original length. Breeders generally dock tails when puppies are just a few days old.

These days, there’s no tax related to a dog’s tail length, and many people feel that a natural tail helps a dog with balance when turning sharply or when swimming. Studies have shown that dogs with shorter tails are at a disadvantage when interacting with other dogs because it changes their body language.

Ear cropping is done to give erect ears to dogs with drop ears and was frequently done on fighting dogs so that there was less for their adversary to grab. Upright ears also tend to give the dog a more alert and, at times, more intimidating look. A Doberman with drop ears looks more like a lovable hound than an alert guard dog. Boxers and Great Danes are further examples of dogs whose ears are traditionally cropped in the United States. Ears are cropped between seven and twelve weeks of age.

Many people today question whether docking or cropping is necessary. Some countries have banned the practices, and even some people dedicated to conformation showing leave tails long and ears natural in case they want to show in another country or sell puppies abroad.

If you adopt through a rescue group or are searching shelters for your dog, you probably won’t have a choice when it comes to whether a dog of a particular breed has a docked tail or cropped ears. If you have your heart set on a traditionally docked or cropped breed but want a puppy with a natural tail and ears, you’ll need to find a good breeder who is willing to work with you, and you’ll need to make those arrangements before the expected litter is born. Whatever your opinion on docking or cropping, it’s another thing to think about when you’re choosing a dog.

Health Benefits for Dog Owners

As you’re considering adding a dog to your family, do you realize all of the positive aspects of dog ownership? Your dog will never talk back, never crash the car, never borrow anything without asking, never want the latest in clothing or shoes, and never need money for college—and, with a dog, you will never eat alone. Those benefits alone should make it understandable why people have dogs, but there are also measurable health benefits to having a dog.

Study researcher Allen McConnell of Miami University in Ohio was quoted in a July 11, 2011, article by Jennifer Welsh on LiveScience.com: “Specifically, pet owners had greater self-esteem, were more physically fit, tended to be less lonely, were more conscientious, were more extroverted, tended to be less fearful, and tended to be less preoccupied than nonowners.”

A March 18, 2015, article by Katie Golde on Greatist.com titled The 11 Science-Backed Reasons You Need to Get a Puppy (Right Now) notes several benefits. According to researchers at the American Heart Association, having a dog can reduce your risk of getting cardiovascular disease. Part of this is probably because dog owners may get more exercise, and it’s also been proven that petting a dog lowers a person’s blood pressure.

Because dogs are nonjudgmental and offer unconditional love, they make great therapists, whether by just listening to you vent about your bad day at work or in a formal capacity as therapy dogs, visiting hospitals, nursing homes, and schools as well as helping veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In her book Reporting for Duty: True Stories of Wounded Veterans and Their Service Dogs (Lumina Media, 2015), Tracy Libby documents case after case of veterans who, after the physical and mental damage inflicted by war, are able to live productive lives with service dogs by their side. Dogs help veterans with PTSD function socially by offering a sense of protection and by using their bodies to block people from coming too close so that the veteran doesn’t feel threatened. Many service dogs are trained to jump on or nudge their owners when they detect a change in breathing or heart rate that signals the onset of anxiety. In this way, dogs can end a nightmare or bring a person back to the present if he or she is having a flashback.

Work Buddy

An article in Time magazine, March 3, 2016, noted that people who took their dogs to work were much less stressed, but still got just as much work done.

Many therapists have discovered that having a dog in the office helps patients open up. Even Freud had his Chow Chow in the office with him. In her article, Golde says that, at Miami University, “Students can take advantage of pet therapy that alleviates feelings of homesickness and depression. Dogs are on call during midterms and finals, when those feelings are at an all-time high.”

Dogs may even be instrumental in helping people quit smoking. In the UK-published journal Tobacco Control in February 2008, a study indicated that if people were informed about the dangers of secondhand smoke to their pets, they would be inclined to stop smoking or have others refrain from smoking in their homes.

Studies have shown that children with dogs in their families develop fewer allergies as they grow up and also miss fewer days of school (and they can always claim that the dog ate their homework!).

Dogs also help their owners meet people. Going to the dog park can be a great way to meet other dog owners, not to mention joining a local kennel club or competing in a dog-related event. You may also make new friends in your neighborhood when you’re out taking your dog for a walk.

Working Dogs

Some of the AKC’s Working breeds are:

Akita, Giant Schnauzer, Portuguese Water Dog, Alaskan Malamute, Great Dane, Rottweiler, Bernese Mountain Dog, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, Samoyed, Black Russian Terrier, Leonberger, Siberian Husky, Boxer , Mastiff, Standard Schnauzer, Bullmastiff, Neapolitan Mastiff, St. Bernard, Doberman Pinscher, Newfoundland, Tibetan Mastiff, Dogue de Bordeaux

Most of the dogs in the AKC’s Working Group were bred to do a job. For the most part, they are large, big-boned dogs. Many have been bred to be suspicious of strangers, and they may also be fearless, ready to stand up to a charging boar or a wolf intent on stealing a lamb. German merchants used Rottweilers as “walking banks”—they’d tie their moneybags around their dogs’ necks, and it would be a very foolish thief who would try to steal that money.

If you have very small children, keep in mind that a working-dog puppy could accidentally injure a toddler. Conversely, once a working dog understands his role in the family, he will be a protector. This can be both good and bad, as he can perceive other children as a threat when they are simply playing with your children. If you think you want a dog from the Working Group, study the particular breed(s) that interests you to make sure it’s a good fit with your family.

Samoyed

The Alaskan Malamute, the Siberian Husky, the Chinook, and the Samoyed were all bred to work in very cold climates. Their thick double coats keep them warm, even in below-zero temperatures. They are probably not the best choices for those living in southern Arizona, but they might be very happy in Maine. Also, all of these breeds need plenty of exercise and may also be happier outdoors than inside. These breeds are less likely to be as wary of strangers, but they can also be very independent. They were bred to run and pull, not to be attentive to human direction.

The Anatolian Shepherd, the Komondor, and the Kuvasz are examples of dogs bred to guard flocks of sheep. Originally, they lived with their flocks and were fierce defenders of the sheep. They may be very wary around strangers. If you have lots of people coming and going in and around your home, and you choose one of these breeds, your dog will need to be well-socialized—even then, he may not greet strangers with a smile and a wagging tail.

Popularity

Some of the most popular dogs in the Working Group are the Boxer, Siberian Husky, Doberman Pinscher, Great Dane, and Mastiff.

Some working dogs, like St. Bernards, Newfoundlands, and Bernese Mountain Dogs, were bred to work with people, so they’re more laid back and more likely to be happy to make new friends. They also have thick coats, so if you’re not comfortable with the idea of lots of fur floating through your home, you’d better think of a different breed.

Most working breeds are not as active as some of the other breeds, so if you’re looking for a purebred jogging companion, you might look elsewhere. One exception is the Doberman Pinscher, who is sleeker than many of the others and could certainly keep you company on your morning run.

The Portuguese Water Dog has a curly coat, more similar to a Poodle’s. That’s good news on the shedding front, but you’ll need to factor in the cost of either regular grooming appointments or the proper tools if you choose to groom your dog at home. The Standard Schnauzer and the Black Russian Terrier are two other dogs in this group who will need more than just a good brushing now and then.

Some of these large dogs drool a lot. The St. Bernard, the Newfoundland, the Mastiff, and the Neapolitan Mastiff are on the top ten list of droolers. If one of these dogs shakes his head, you could end up with drool on your ceiling—but many people live happily with these dogs in spite of the drool. The dog may not have access to the entire house, or the family may just always have towels handy to wipe the dog’s muzzle. Some people only consider the traits they love in these breeds. Other people may not be able to get past the drool. It’s just something to consider before you get the dog.

Boxers are great family dogs, with lots of energy for almost any kind of play, and they also make good watchdogs. They have a sense of humor, but they can also have a stubborn streak. Boxers are prone to several types of heart disease, including cardiomyopathy, and they are susceptible to bloat. Find a reputable breeder who has tested the parents for heart problems. Their life span is eight to ten years.

Siberian Huskies are friendly, happy dogs who get along with just about everyone, including other dogs, although they may consider smaller pets prey. They need a lot of exercise, and they’re good at scaling fences or digging underneath, so make sure that your yard is secure. Ask the breeder if the parents have been screened for hip dysplasia and for progressive retinal atrophy, an eye condition. The breed’s life span is about twelve years.

Doberman Pinschers are sleek, elegant dogs who are very loyal and who seem to have a keen ability to sense when someone is a threat. They need regular exercise as well as training. An untrained Doberman is likely to become destructive. Health concerns include cardiomyopathy; von Willebrand’s, a bleeding disorder; and cervical vertebral instability (CVI), sometimes called Wobbler’s syndrome. Healthy parents do not guarantee that your dog will not develop a genetic disorder, but it increases the odds of good health. The Doberman’s life span is about ten years.

Great Danes are massive, short-coated dogs, weighing between 110 and 190 pounds. They are sweet, gentle dogs, but because of their size, they need to be trained not to jump up or to be at all aggressive. They need only moderate exercise, so if your own tendency is toward being a couch potato, you won’t have to change your lifestyle too much. Health concerns include hip dysplasia, bloat, and cardiomyopathy, and their life span is about seven years.

Mastiffs weigh in between 120 and 230 pounds, so be prepared for some serious strength. They are gentle dogs, but because of their size, they cannot be allowed to jump up or to pull on a leash. They drool, especially after eating or drinking, so be prepared to wipe their muzzles. If you’re anti-drool, choose another breed.

Health concerns include hip and elbow dysplasia, heart disease, bloat, and several eye conditions. Cystinuria is a genetic kidney defect. Life expectancy is about eight years.

Herding Dogs

Some of the AKC’s Herding dogs are:

Australian Cattle Dog, Border Collie, Miniature American Shepherd, Australian Shepherd, Bouvier Des Flandres, Old English Sheepdog, Belgian Malinois, Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Belgian Sheepdog, Collie, Pyrenean Shepherd, Belgian Tervuren, German Shepherd Dog, Shetland Sheepdog, Berger Picard, Icelandic Sheepdog, Spanish Water Dog

There is a big range of sizes within the Herding Group. Considering how many smaller dogs are in this group, it’s obvious that size isn’t a consideration when herding livestock. Smaller stature may even be a plus. In fact, it’s easy for short-legged Pembroke Welsh Corgis to duck under the hooves of a kicking cow.

The dogs in the Herding Group are intelligent and make good competitors in performance events. They were bred to take direction but also to think for themselves when needed, so many herding breeds have been used as military dogs and service dogs.

None of these breeds is an incessant barker, but herding dogs will definitely bark to sound the alarm. You will always know when the mail carrier has arrived or if there’s a strange animal in the yard.

Most of the herding breeds are good with children and have enough energy to enjoy extended play sessions. The ones with longer legs will also make good jogging companions. Some of these breeds have a tendency to “herd” anything that moves, and this may mean children. The dog may instinctively chase and nip at heels, which could frighten a child. Monitor playtime, and make sure that children understand the dog’s behavior.

Rough Collie

Further, some herding breeds may want to keep everyone in a group. A Border Collie, for instance, may try to keep children together rather than letting them run in different directions. I had a Corgi who hated to see a person move from one room to the other; he wanted everyone to stay seated in the living room.

There are a variety of coat types in this group. Many of these dogs have double coats, which serve them well in all weather conditions. Some, like the Collie and Shetland Sheepdog, have long outer coats as well as dense undercoats. Even the Belgian Malinois and the Australian Cattle Dog, both of whom appear to have short coats, still have thick undercoats.

Some breeds have more than one variety of coat. For example, there are smooth- and rough-coated Collies, and the Pyrenean Shepherd has the rough-faced variety, with longer, harsher, woollier hair that may cord; and the smooth-faced variety, which has much shorter hair on the muzzle and overall has softer, finer fur that is no more than 3 inches long on the body.

The Berger Picard has a harsh, rough coat. If you saw the movie Because of Winn-Dixie, you saw a Berger Picard. The Bergamasco has an entirely different coat, made up of three separate layers: the undercoat; the long, straight, rough “goat hair;” and the woolly, finer outer coat. The goat hair and the outer coat twist together to form flat sections of felted hair known as “flocks.” Each flock is 1–3 inches wide, and they are never combed out.

Yet another coat type is found on the Spanish Water Dog; this breed has a single curly coat. When longer, the coat can form cords, similar to those of a Puli or Komondor. Traditionally, in Spain, these dogs were clipped once a year and their coats sheared just like a sheep’s.

Grooming

Generally, while some herding dogs may require more grooming than short-coated breeds, it is grooming that you can do yourself, without too many trips to a professional.

Speaking of the Puli, the breed’s corded coat takes considerable work because those cords need to be carefully formed. If you’ve fallen in love with a Puli, you may want to consider keeping him in a puppy clip. However, if the cords are part of what you love about the breed, work with your breeder to create and keep the hundreds of cords.

Among the most popular dogs in the Herding Group are the German Shepherd Dog, the Australian Shepherd, the Shetland Sheepdog, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi, and the Collie. German Shepherd Dogs have been popular ever since Rin Tin Tin made it big in Hollywood. This breed is versatile and highly intelligent. It is also very protective of its family and will definitely warn strangers to be careful. These dogs need plenty of exercise and training. Health concerns include hip dysplasia, degenerative myelopathy (spinal-cord disease), epilepsy, vision problems, immune-mediated diseases, and digestive problems. The breed’s life span is ten to thirteen years.

Australian Shepherds are active, friendly, easy-to-train dogs that make great family pets. Name a sport—obedience, agility, herding—and Aussies can excel. They need lots of exercise, but they learn quickly and love to work. They’ll be happy to play ball for as long as you want to. Health concerns include hip dysplasia and several eye diseases, and they can be affected by multiple drug sensitivity (MDS), which causes a risk of fatal reactions to a number of common veterinary drugs. Fortunately, there’s a simple test for this. Their life span is twelve to sixteen years.

The Shetland Sheepdog is another wonderful, versatile breed, weighing just under 30 pounds. They have a lot of coat, but if you don’t mind a dust bunny or two (or more!) of fur, you’re fine. The Sheltie is rather vocal, but that makes him a good watchdog. He’s fairly active, which is good news if you want to try performance events. The Sheltie might not be the best breed for very small children, but it is generally a good family dog. Health concerns include hip dysplasia, Collie eye anomaly, progressive retinal atrophy, von Willebrand’s, and dermatomyositis (DM), also known as Sheltie skin syndrome. The average life span is twelve to fourteen years.

Pembroke Welsh Corgis are smart, active dogs who are always ready to play and are good with children and with other pets. They are not incessant barkers, but they will definitely let you know if someone’s at the door or if another dog just walked by the house. They shed heavily twice a year, so be prepared for the hair! Their short legs disqualify them as jogging partners, but they’re great at obedience, rally, agility, and herding. Health concerns include progressive retinal atrophy, von Willebrand’s, and degenerative myelopathy. Tests are available for the latter two, so ask your breeder to see the health clearances on your prospective puppy’s parents. If your breeder did not perform these tests, find another breeder. The breed’s life span is twelve to fourteen years.

Collies come in rough-coated (think Lassie) and smooth-coated varieties. The smooth coat is short, but both varieties have and undercoat, and both shed. Collies are good family dogs and are happy to participate in any game or sport. Health concerns include bloat and a range of eye diseases, including Collie eye anomaly and progressive retinal atrophy. The Collie’s average life span is ten to twelve years.

Toy Dogs

Some of the AKC’s Toy breeds are:

Affenpinscher, Maltese, Poodle, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Miniature Pinscher, Pug, Chihuahua, Papillon, Shih Tzu, Chinese Crested, Pekingese, Toy Fox Terrier, Italian Greyhound, Pomeranian, Yorkshire Terrier

You’ve come to the right group if you want a small, portable dog who just wants to cuddle and be your friend. Coat types in this group include almost totally hairless, short, long, and curly. With the exception of the terriers in the group, who still display a terrier temperament, the dogs in this group were bred as companions. Whether you prefer the sleek good looks of an Italian Greyhound or a Manchester Terrier, the stocky body of the Pug, or the abundant locks of the Pekingese, this group has it.

The more delicate of these breeds are not recommended for households with small children, and none of these breeds was made for rough-housing, but if you’re looking for a dog who doesn’t need much exercise and will happily be your couch buddy, choose a toy breed, but just be aware that toy dogs can take longer to housetrain. When many of these breeds were developed, housetraining just wasn’t much of an issue. It was too easy to clean up after such a small dog—or, in castles and palaces—to just ignore it altogether.

Yorkshire Terriers are among the most popular of all AKC breeds. These petite terriers have long, silky steel-blue coats with tan points. The Yorkie’s coat requires daily care, even if clipped short, so consider the grooming requirements before adding a Yorkie to your home. Weighing between 4 and 7 pounds, Yorkies are spunky and playful, as well as lovely. As with many small breeds, Yorkies are susceptible to patellar luxation (a condition in which the kneecap slips out of place), dental issues, hypothyroidism, and Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, which slows the blood supply to the head of the thighbone. Very small dogs and puppies may also suffer from low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia. The breed’s life span is twelve to sixteen years.

Italian Greyhound puppy

The Poodle typically ranks among the AKC’s top ten most popular breeds, and Toy Poodles certainly make delightful companions and are just as lively and intelligent as the larger varieties (Miniature and Standard, members of the Non-Sporting Group). While they may not have the size to retrieve ducks, they can learn tricks and, if obedience or agility appeals to you, your little Poodle will be happy to join you. Health concerns include luxating patellas, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s disease, and hypothyroidism. The overall lifespan is fourteen to eighteen years, with Toy Poodles likely to reach the far end of this range.

The popular Shih Tzu has a long double coat that you can easily keep in a puppy trim. This sturdy little dog weighs between 9 and 16 pounds and makes a good watchdog—but once you let a new person inside your home, the Shih Tzu is all about love. Health concerns include dental problems, luxating patellas, and progressive retinal atrophy. Shih Tzus are also prone to renal dysplasia, a disease in which the kidneys don’t develop normally. This condition can be inherited, so make sure the breeder has had the parents tested. Shih Tzus have large, front-facing eyes that can easily be injured. Life expectancy in the breed is from ten to eighteen years.

It’s a hard-hearted person who can resist the big brown eyes and soft expression of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. This lovely little spaniel weighs between 10 and 18 pounds and wants to be with you no matter what you’re doing. He’s happy to go for a long walk, participate in a doggy activity, or just curl up next to you for a snooze. While Cavaliers can live from ten to fourteen years, they unfortunately are susceptible to a heart disease called mitral valve disease. This condition can be controlled with medication, but there is no cure. Cavaliers may also have syringomyelia, a nervous-system disorder that causes fluid-filled cavities in the spinal cord, resulting in pain and sensitivity in the head and neck. Syringomyelia may be managed with pain medicine or corrected with surgery, but it may also be so severe that the dog must be euthanized.

The Pomeranian has been bred down from about 30 pounds to its current size of 3 to 7 pounds, but it’s still a charming, high-energy spitz-type dog. That thick double coat needs attention in the form of thorough brushings, but that’s about it. Poms make good watchdogs; if you want a silent companion, keep looking. They’re probably not the best with children because of their size. Besides the luxating patellas and dental problems common in toy breeds, Poms may have collapsing tracheas, which makes wearing a collar problematic. They are also susceptible to skin problems. The lifespan is fifteen years or more.

Sporting Group

The AKC’s Sporting Group includes:

American Water Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, Labrador Retriever, Brittany, Flat-Coated Retriever, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, German Shorthaired Pointer, Pointer, Clumber Spaniel, German Wirehaired Pointer, Spinone Italiano, Cocker Spaniel, Golden Retriever, Vizsla, Curly-Coated Retriever, Irish Setter, Weimaraner, English Cocker Spaniel, Irish Water Spaniel, Welsh Springer Spaniel, English Setter

The Sporting Group is the oldest AKC group, consisting largely of dogs used for hunting, specifically fowl. Some of these dogs were bred to retrieve waterfowl and thus may have webbed feet along with a high tolerance for diving into cold water. Others were bred to point and/or flush birds on land and then retrieve the fallen game. Many of these dogs, such as the Vizsla and the Weimaraner, are very high-energy dogs, needing lots of exercise. Most sporting dogs were not bred to curl up on the couch with you—not that many of them aren’t happy to do just that, but only after a long day in the field or after some other strenuous exercise. Other sporting dogs, such as the Clumber Spaniel, Sussex Spaniel, and Cocker Spaniel, are a bit more laid back. Almost all of the sporting breeds are friendly and ready to play, and if you live near water, they’ll love going for a swim. If you’re a hunter, you can’t go wrong with one of these breeds; if you enjoy competition, there’s not much that these dogs can’t do.

There are a variety of coat types in this group, but none needs much professional care unless you’re planning to show your dog. Cocker Spaniel coats have gotten thicker and longer in the show ring, but if you aren’t showing your Cocker, you can keep his coat much shorter.

The Labrador Retriever has been the number-one breed in terms of AKC registrations for decades, and it’s easy to see why. Labs have short, easy-care coats and come in black, chocolate, and yellow. They are family-friendly and, at 55 to 80 pounds, are sturdy enough to enjoy a bit of roughhousing with children. They’ll happily play fetch for hours, join you for a swim, or retrieve a duck. Most are good with other pets as well. Hip and elbow dysplasia are a concern, as is progressive retinal atrophy, and some Labs may be susceptible to skin allergies. Life expectancy is ten to thirteen years.

Vizsla puppy

It’s no surprise that Golden Retrievers are also among the top AKC breeds. There’s more grooming involved with the long golden coat, which can range from a pale yellow to a deep gold that’s almost red, but you can do the brushing yourself. Goldens love people and are willing to please, making them popular in the obedience ring. Like the Labrador, they’ll play for hours and then be happy to curl up at your feet. As long as they can be near you, they’re happy.

Unfortunately, many different types of cancers seem to attack Goldens, and heart disease, specifically subaortic stenosis, is also prevalent, so you should have your dog’s heart checked annually. Hip and elbow dysplasia are common. The breed’s life span is ten to twelve years.

The German Shorthaired Pointer is a popular, good-looking, energetic dog with a short, close coat in liver and white. These dogs need exercise, so they’re good choices for joggers. If you can’t give them the exercise they need, you’d better choose another breed. They make good watchdogs because they are protective and will let you know if they think something’s suspicious. They weigh between 45 and 70 pounds.

While hip dysplasia can show up in any breed, it is less prevalent in the German Shorthaired Pointer than in many others. Reputable breeders will perform DNA testing for an eye disease called cone degeneration to ensure that they do not pass this disease on. Some German Shorthaired Pointers experience entropion, a condition in which the eyelid turns inward, causing the eyelashes to scratch the cornea. Fortunately, this can be corrected with surgery.

The Brittany, at 30–45 pounds, is an easy-to-groom bundle of love who is eager to join in just about any activity. A Brittany will enthusiastically jog, play fetch, or race with you around an agility course. If you’re a hunter, he will happily be your partner in the field. As a bonus, the breed’s white-and-orange or white-and-liver coat makes it a handsome addition to the family. Health concerns include hip dysplasia, hypothyroidism, and cataracts, and the breed’s life span is between twelve and fourteen years.

If you want joy and bounce in your dog, another good choice is the English Springer Spaniel. Weighing 35–50 pounds, the Springer can be an active partner in the field, on your daily runs, on the agility course, or in the obedience ring. The breed’s coat comes in liver and white or black and white and needs only occasional brushing to keep it looking its best.

In addition to hip dysplasia and progressive retinal atrophy, Springers are susceptible to cataracts and glaucoma, as well as disc disease. Also on their list of health concerns are heart disease, epilepsy, and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency is a genetic disease, causing affected dogs to become weak and lethargic, but, fortunately, there is a test for this condition. Before buying your puppy, make sure that the breeder has tested the parents and hasn’t bred two carriers. A Springer’s lifespan is between twelve and fourteen years.

Terrier Group

Among the AKC’s Terriers are:

Airedale Terrier, Kerry Blue Terrier, Scottish Terrier, American Hairless Terrier, Manchester Terrier, Smooth Fox Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Miniature Bull Terrier, Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier, Border Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Bull Terrier, Norfolk Terrier, West Highland White Terrier, Cesky Terrier, Norwich Terrier, Wire Fox Terrier, Dandie Dinmont Terrier, Parson Russell Terrier, Irish Terrier, Russell Terrier

Almost all of the terriers originated in the British Isles, and the majority of terriers has a harsh, wiry outer coat and a softer undercoat, offering good protection against both harsh weather and against the animals they were bred to hunt. The terriers that have short, smooth coats are the American Staffordshire Terrier, Bull Terrier, Manchester Terrier, Miniature Bull Terrier, and Smooth Fox Terrier. The American Hairless Terrier comes in a hairless and a coated variety, and Parson Russell Terriers and Russell Terriers come in smooth and wire coats. Bedlingtons have woolly coats, making them look a bit like lambs, and Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers have, as their name suggests, a softer coat.

The name “terrier” comes from the Latin terra, meaning “earth,” and these dogs were bred to go to ground after rats, mice, fox, and badger. In the United States, they’ll happily dig out a woodchuck. Most of these dogs make good watchdogs, and all of them, regardless of size, are fearless. Terriers are intelligent, but they can also have a stubborn streak, and they may not always get along with other dogs or with cats. If you have small pets, like guinea pigs or hamsters, make sure they’re in secure housing and the dog can’t reach them.

Terriers being groomed for the show ring have their coats stripped, or hand plucked. Pets will need regular grooming appointments. Some people shave their terriers’ coats, and this changes the texture considerably. If you’re not showing your dog, this isn’t a catastrophe, but it does diminish the weatherproof qualities of the coat.

The Miniature Schnauzer is one of the most popular dogs in the Terrier Group. This compact little dog stands between 12 and 14 inches at the shoulder and weighs between 11 and 20 pounds. He loves being with his owners and is very energetic. If you’re interested in competitive events, consider this breed; Miniature Schnauzers are great for earthdog trials and agility, among other sports.

Health concerns include progressive retinal atrophy and von Willebrand’s disease, so make sure that the puppy’s parents have been tested for these conditions. Miniature Schnauzers may also be affected by a condition called urolithiasis, which can cause kidney stones. Your dog may require surgery, and your vet may advise you to put your dog on a special diet to help decrease the chance of stones forming. Congenital megaesophagus is a condition that affects the esophagus. Affected dogs can accidentally inhale food and water into their lungs, which can lead to pneumonia. Comedone syndrome is also known as “Schnauzer bumps,” nicknamed after the breed it mainly affects. These bumps are blackheads and scabs that form on the dogs’ back, sometimes leading to hair loss. This condition can be managed with medicated shampoos or wipes. The Miniature Schnauzer’s life span is twelve to fourteen years.

Bedlington Terrier

West Highland White Terriers are solid, compact dogs weighing between 15 and 22 pounds and standing about 10 inches high at the shoulder. Originally, they were considered the white version of the Scottish Terrier. Westies are energetic and will definitely let their owners know if someone’s at the door or if there’s a squirrel in the yard. Some health problems include luxating patellas, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, dry eye, Addison’s disease (a disease of the adrenal glands), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (a.k.a.Westie lung disease). In the latter disease, the air sacs and connective tissue in the lungs become inflamed and scarred, which causes progressive breathing problems. The breed’s life span is fifteen to twenty years.

Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers are a bit bigger than many of the terriers, standing between 16 and 18 inches at the shoulder and weighing 30 to 40 pounds. They need a bit more grooming and exercise than most other terriers, but like all terriers, they love the chase. Health concerns include hip dysplasia, Addison’s disease, and a kidney disease known as renal dysplasia. Two breed-specific problems are protein-losing nephropathy, in which protein is lost through the kidneys; and protein-losing enteropathy, which is a loss of protein from the intestines that may be a symptom of several diseases or conditions.

Bull Terriers are solid, fun-loving, playful dogs weighing 50 to 70 pounds and standing about 22 inches at the shoulder. They may not love other dogs, but they’ll love all of your family members and will welcome strangers, too. They have short, easy-care coats and will happily join you in whatever activity you have in mind. Genetic problems include heart disease, deafness, luxating patellas, dry eye, and ectropion. Entropion causes the lower eyelid to turn outward, exposing the inner eyelid and causing irritation. Bull Terriers are also prone to allergies, causing itching and ear infections. The Bull Terrier’s lifespan is ten to twelve years.

Airedale Terriers are the largest terriers, and they were much more popular in the early 1900s than they are today. They were used by the military in World War I. Airedales stand 21 to 23 inches at the shoulder and weigh between 40 and 65 pounds. While they are not always good around other dogs or smaller animals, they are intelligent and loyal. No matter how active you are, the Airedale can keep up, but he needs guidance so that he’s not destructive. Health concerns include hip dysplasia, renal disease, hypothyroidism, and dilated cardiomyopathy. The Airedale’s life span is ten to thirteen years.

Non-Sporting Group

The AKC’s Non-Sporting Group includes:

Bichon Frise, Keeshond, Shiba Inu, Boston Terrier, Lhasa Apso, Tibetan Spaniel, Bulldog, Lowchen, Tibetan Terrier, Chow Chow, Norwegian Lundehund, Xoloitzcuintli, Dalmatian, Poodle, French Bulldog, Schipperke

Many of the dogs in the Non-Sporting Group used to have specific jobs but, for one reason or another, they no longer do those jobs. For example, the Dalmatian used to run alongside horse-drawn coaches to guard them and deter robbers. The Norwegian Lundehund was bred to hunt puffins and has extra toes on each foot to make rock climbing easier. These breeds are now classified in the Non-Sporting Group because they don’t seem to fit any of the other groups.

Sizes and energy levels range widely in this group. The Dalmatian is the tallest and arguably the most energetic, although the diminutive Schipperke is pretty high-energy, too. Standard and Miniature Poodles find themselves in this group along with the American Eskimo Dog, which comes in three sizes: the toy measures between 9 and 12 inches, the miniature measures between 12 and 15 inches, and the standard measures between 15 and 19 inches. These dogs are friendly, intelligent, and playful, and they also make good watchdogs. If you don’t mind a lot of hair, you might consider an American Eskimo Dog.

Bulldogs consistently rank among the AKC’s most popular breeds. They may look gruff and tough, but they are really lovable family companions. They don’t need much exercise, so they’re a good choice for apartment living. Because of their short noses, they can overheat easily and may suffer from heatstroke; in hot weather, take that walk around the block early in the morning or in the evening when it’s cooler. Bulldogs have short coats, so grooming is simple, but those wrinkles need daily care. Some Bulldogs have an elongated palate, which can make breathing even more difficult, and they are prone to eye diseases and subject to bloat.

Toy Poodles are 10 inches and under at the shoulder, while Miniatures are more than 10 but less than 15 inches at the shoulder. Poodles in all three varieties are intelligent, playful pets who can conquer just about any dog sport, from retrieving ducks to obedience and agility to dock diving—and everything in between. Don’t be put off by the show clip—you can keep your Poodle in a modified puppy clip. Poodles don’t shed, which is part of their popularity, but you will need to visit a groomer every four to six weeks or learn to clip your dog yourself. Health concerns include hip dysplasia, bloat, progressive retinal atrophy, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s disease, and hypothyroidism. A Poodle’s lifespan is fourteen to eighteen years.

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