The History of French Revolution

The History of French Revolution
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The History of French Revolution in three volumes is a historical work by French historian Hippolyte Taine. This period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France began in 1789 with the fall of the Bastille and held the country in turbulence for the next decade. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, catalyzed violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon. Conceived by Taine with the aim of understanding the France of his day, his work achieved originality in its use of a long perspective to analyze the causes of the French Revolution. In particular, Taine denounced the artificiality of the revolution's political constructions (the excessively abstract and rational spirit of Robespierre, for example), which, in his mind, violently contradicted the natural and slow growth of the institutions of a State. For him, the force of history is such that it is illusory to want to change a society. Thus, following the defeat of Sedan and the Commune, Taine accuses the French Revolution of being the matrix of all evils which brought France into a cycle of decadence. It is in particular the abstraction of the philosophy of the Enlightenment which is rejected.

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Taine Hippolyte. The History of French Revolution

The History of French Revolution

Table of Contents

Volume 1

Table of Contents

PREFACE

BOOK FIRST. SPONTANEOUS ANARCHY

CHAPTER I. THE BEGINNINGS OF ANARCHY

I.—Dearth the first cause

II.—Expectations the second cause

III.—The provinces during the first six months of 1789

IV.—Intervention of ruffians and vagabonds

V.—Effect on the Population of the New Ideas

VI.—The first jacquerie in Province

CHAPTER II. PARIS UP TO THE 14TH OF JULY

I.—Mob recruits in the vicinity

II. The Press

III.—The Réveillon affair

IV.—The Palais-Royal

V.—Popular mobs become a political force

VI.—July 13th and 14th 1789

VII.—Murders of Foulon and Berthier

VIII.—Paris in the hands of the people

CHAPTER III

I.—Anarchy from July 14th to October 6th, 1789

II.—The provinces

III.—Public feeling.—Famine

IV.—Panic

V.—Attacks on public individuals and public property

VI.—Taxes are no longer paid

VII.—Attack upon private individuals and private property

CHAPTER IV. PARIS

I.—Paris

II.—The distress of the people

III.—The new popular leaders

IV.—Intervention by the popular leaders with the Government

V.—The 5th and 6th of October

VI.—The Government and the nation in the hands of the revolutionary party

BOOK SECOND. THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, AND THE RESULT OF ITS LABORS

CHAPTER I.—CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR THE FRAMING OF GOOD LAWS

I.—These conditions absent in the Assembly

II.—Inadequacy of its information

III.—The Power Of Simple, General Ideas

IV.—Refusal to supply the ministry

CHAPTER II. DESTRUCTION

I.—Two principal vices of the ancient régime

II—Nature of societies, and the principle of enduring constitutions

III.—The estates of a society

IV.—Abuse and lukewarmness in 1789 in the ecclesiastical bodies

CHAPTER III. THE CONSTRUCTIONS—THE CONSTITUTION OF 1791

I.—Powers of the Central Government

II.—The Creation Of Popular Democracy

III.—Municipal Kingdoms

IV.—On Universal Suffrage

V.—The Ruling Minority

VI.—Summary of the work of the Constituent Assembly

BOOK THIRD. THE APPLICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 3101

CHAPTER I

I.—The Federations

II.—Independence of the municipalities

III.—Independent Assemblies

CHAPTER II. SOVEREIGNTY OF UNRESTRAINED PASSIONS

I.—Old Religious Grudges

II.—Passion Supreme

III.—Egotism of the tax-payer

IV.—Cupidity of tenants

CHAPTER III. Development of the ruling Passion

I.—Attitude of the nobles. Their moderate resistance

II.—Workings of the popular imagination with respect to them

III.—Domiciliary visits

IV.—The nobles obliged to leave the rural districts

V.—Persecutions in private life

VI.—Conduct of officers

VI.—Conduct of the officers

VII.—Emigration and its causes

VIII.—Attitude of the non-juring priests

IX.—General state of opinion

Volume 2

Table of Contents

PREFACE:

BOOK FIRST. THE JACOBINS

CHAPTER I. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NEW POLITICAL ORGAN

I.—Principle of the revolutionary party

II.—The Jacobins

III.—Psychology of the Jacobin

IV.—What the theory promises

CHAPTER II

I.—Formation of the party

II.—Spontaneous associations after July 14, 1789

III.—How they view the liberty of the press

IV.—Their rallying-points

V.—Small number of Jacobins

BOOK SECOND. THE FIRST STAGE OF THE CONQUEST

CHAPTER I. THE JACOBINS COME INTO IN POWER

I.—Their siege operations

II.—Annoyances and dangers of public elections

III.—The friends of order deprived of the right of free assemblage

V.—Intimidation and withdrawal of the Conservatives

CHAPTER II

I.—Composition of the Legislative Assembly

II.—Degree and quality of their intelligence and Culture

III.—Aspects of their sessions

IV.—The Parties

V.—Their means of action

VI.—Parliamentary maneuvers

CHAPTER III

I.—Policy of the Assembly.—State of France at the end of 1791

II.—The Assembly hostile to the oppressed and favoring oppressors

III.—War

IV.—Secret motives of the leaders

V.—Effects of the war on the common people

CHAPTER IV. THE DEPARTMENTS

I.—Provence in 1792.—Early supremacy of the Jacobins in Marseilles

II.—The expedition to Aix

III.—The Constitutionalists of Arles

IV.—The Jacobins of Avignon

V.—The other departments

CHAPTER V. PARIS

I.—Pressure of the Assembly on the King

II.—The floating and poor population of Paris

III.—Its leaders.—Their committee.—Methods for arousing the crowd

IV.—The 20th of June

CHAPTER VI. THE BIRTH OF THE TERRIBLE PARIS COMMUNE

I.—Indignation of the Constitutionalists

II.—Pressure on the King

III.—The Girondins have worked for the benefit of the Jacobins

IV.—Vain attempts of the Girondins to put it down

V.—Evening of August 8

VI.—Nights of August 9 and 10

VII.—August 10

VIII.—State of Paris in the Interregnum

BOOK THIRD. THE SECOND STAGE OF THE CONQUEST

CHAPTER I

I.—Government by gangs in times of anarchy

II.—The development of the ideas of killings in the mass of the party

III. Terror is their Salvation

IV.—Date of the determination of this.—The actors and their parts

V. Abasement and Stupor

VI. Jacobin Massacre

CHAPTER II. THE DEPARTMENTS

I. The Sovereignty of the People

II.—In several departments it establishes itself in advance

III.—Each Jacobin band a dictator in its own neighborhood

IV.—Ordinary practices of the Jacobin dictatorship

V.—The companies of traveling volunteers

VI.—A tour of France in the cabinet of the Minister of the Interior

CHAPTER III

I.—The second stage of the Jacobin conquest

II.—The elections

III.—Composition and tone of the secondary assemblies

IV.—Composition of the National Convention

V.—The Jacobins forming alone the Sovereign People

VI.—Composition of the party

VII. The Jacobin Chieftains

CHAPTER IV. PRECARIOUS SITUATION OF A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT LOCKED UP WITHIN A LOCAL JURISDICTION

I.—Jacobin advantages

II.—Its parliamentary recruits

III. Physical fear and moral cowardice

IV. Jacobin victory over Girondin majority

V. Jacobin violence against the people

VI. Jacobin tactics

VII. The central Jacobin committee in power

VIII. Right or Wrong, my Country

Volume 3

Table of Contents

PREFACE

BOOK FIRST. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER I. JACOBIN GOVERNMENT

I. The despotic creed and instincts of the Jacobin

II. Jacobin Dissimulation

III. Primary Assemblies

IV. The Delegates reach Paris

V. Fête of August 10th

VI. The Mountain

VII. Extent and Manifesto of the departmental insurrection

VIII. The Reasons for the Terror

IX. Destruction of Rebel Cities

X. Destruction of the Girondin party

XI. Institutions of the Revolutionary Government

BOOK SECOND. THE JACOBIN PROGRAM

CHAPTER I. THE JACOBIN PARTY

I. The Doctrine

II. A Communist State

III. The object of the State is the regeneration of man

IV. Two distortions of the natural man

V. Equality and Inequality

VI. Conditions requisite for making a citizen

VII. Socialist projects

VIII. Indoctrination of mind and intellect

CHAPTER II. REACTIONARY CONCEPT OF THE STATE

I. Reactionary concept of the State

II. Changed minds

III. Origin and nature of the modern State

IV. The state is tempted to encroach

V. Direct common interest

VI. Indirect common interest

VII. Fabrication of social instruments

VIII. Comparison between despotisms

BOOK THIRD. THE MEN IN POWER

CHAPTER I. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE JACOBIN LEADERS

I. Marat

II. Danton

III. Robespierre

CHAPTER II. THE RULERS OF THE COUNTRY

I. The Convention

II. Its participation in crime

III. The Committee of Public Safety

IV. The Statesmen

V. Official Jacobin organs

VI. Commissars of the Revolution

VII. Brutal Instincts

IX. Vice

CHAPTER III. THE RULERS. (continued)

I. The Central Government Administration

II. Subaltern Jacobins

III. A Revolutionary Committee

IV. Provincial Administration

V. Jacobins sent to the Provinces

VI. Quality of staff thus formed

VII. The Armed Forces

BOOK FOURTH. THE GOVERNED

CHAPTER I. THE OPPRESSED

I. Revolutionary Destruction

II. The Value of Notables in Society

III. The three classes of Notables

IV. The Clergy

V. The Bourgeoisie

VI. The Demi-notables

VII. Principle of socialist Equality

VIII. Rigor against the Upper Classes

IX. The Jacobin Citizen Robot

X. The Governors and the Governed

CHAPTER II. FOOD AND PROVISIONS

I. Economical Complexity of Food Chain

II. Conditions in 1793. A Lesson in Market Economics

III. Privation

IV. Hunger

V. Revolutionary Remedies

VI. Relaxation

VII. Misery at Paris

BOOK FIFTH. THE END OF THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER I. THE CONVENTION

I. The Convention

II. Re-election of the Two-thirds

III. A Directory of Regicides

IV. Public Opinon

VI. The Directory

VII. Enforcement of Pure Jacobinism

VIII. Propaganda and Foreign Conquests

IX. National Disgust

X. Contrast between Civil and Military France

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Hippolyte Taine

All 3 volumes

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1232 (return) [ Peuchet ("Encyclopédie Méthodique," 1789, quoted by Parent Duchâtelet): "Almost all of the soldiers of the Guard belong to that class (the procurers of public women): many, indeed, only enlist in the corps that they may live at the expense of these unfortunates."]

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