Читать книгу Lifespan Development - Tara L. Kuther - Страница 167

Infants exposed to cocaine and heroin face special challenges, such as signs of addiction and withdrawal symptoms, including tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control (Gupta, 2017; Raffaeli et al., 2017). Prenatal exposure to cocaine and heroin is associated with low birthweight, impaired motor skills, and reduced cortical and subcortical brain volume at birth and in infancy (Grewen et al., 2014; Warton et al., 2018). Exposure to these drugs during prenatal development influences brain development, particularly the regions associated with attention, arousal, and regulation (Bazinet, Squeglia, Riley, & Tapert, 2016; Levine & Woodward, 2018). For example, at 1 month after birth, babies who were exposed to cocaine have difficulty regulating their arousal states and show poor movement skills, poor reflexes, and greater excitability (Fallone et al., 2014).