The Communication Playbook
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Teri Kwal Gamble. The Communication Playbook
The Communication Playbook
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Preface
The Strategy of the Communication Playbook
To the Instructor: What Differentiates The Communication Playbook From Other Hybrid Texts on the Market?
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
1 Start Right Here
What is Communication Presence?
Communication Choices are Abundant
Communication Presence and Technology
Are We Addicted?
The Upshot
Human and Social Capital
The Communication–Success Connection
What is Communication?
Defining Communication
Types of Communication
Essentials of Communication
People
Messages
Channels
Noise
Context
Feedback
Effect
Visualizing the Communication Process in Action
A Transactional Model of Communication
How Good a Communicator Are You?
Communication is Dynamic
Communication is Unrepeatable and Irreversible
Communication Has No Opposite
Culture Influences Communication
Gender Influences Communication
Personal Ethics Influence Communication
Communication is Competence Based
Digital and Social Media are Transforming Communication
Living Brands
Changes Have Upsides and Downsides
Why Do We Communicate?
To Gain Self-Understanding and Insight into Others
To Form Meaningful Relationships
To Influence Others
For Career Development
Become actively involved in studying communication
Make the effort to increase both your self-awareness and your awareness of others by developing the following assets
Believe in yourself
Become a Word Master
2 Having Communication Presence in a Multicultural Society and World
Cultures’ Many Faces
Attitudes Toward Diversity
Is It Different in the Working World?
The Many Faces of Intercultural Communication
What Happened to the Melting Pot?
The Melting Pot Philosophy
The Philosophy of Cultural Pluralism
Diversity is Reshaping the Future
Culture and Communication
Culture is a Teacher
What We Know About Difference Matters
The Effects of Cultural Imperialism
How We Feel About Difference Matters
The Dangers of Ethnocentrism
The Promise of Cultural Relativism
On the Look Out for Stereotypes and Prejudice
Cultures Within Cultures
Influences on Cultural Identity and Communication Presence
Gender Roles
Age
Racial and Ethnic Identities
Religious Identity
Socioeconomic Identity
Generational Differences
The Greatest Generation
The Baby Boom
Generation X
Generation Y: The Millennials
iGeneration
Cultures and Co-Cultures
Co-Cultures and Communication Strategies
Assimilation
Accommodation
Separation
Co-Cultures and Communication Approaches
Passive Communication
Assertive Communication
More Aggressive Communication
Dimensions of Culture in Action
Individualism Versus Collectivism
High Context Versus Low Context
High Power Distance Versus Low Power Distance
Monochronic Versus Polychronic Culture
Masculine Versus Feminine Culture
Interpreting Cultural Differences
Technology and Community
Neighborhoods Need Not Be Real
We Consciously Can Choose Our Neighbors
Other Reasons We Seek Virtual Communities
The Power of Dialogue
For Good and Bad
Refrain from formulating expectations based solely on your culture
Recognize how faulty education can impede understanding
Make a commitment to develop intercultural communication skills for life in a multicultural world
Become a Word Master
3 The “I” Behind the Eye: Perception and the Self
Perception of the Self, Others, and Experience
What is Perception?
Perception Occurs in Stages
Perception is Selective and Personal
Effects of Selectivity
Age and Memory Influence Perception
We Organize Our Perceptions
The Figure–Ground Principle
Perceptual Constancy
Perceptual Schemata
Closure
Perceiving the “I” Affects Perception of You
Looking at the Self
The Importance of Self-Awareness
The Nature of Self-Concept
How Self-Concept Develops
The Connection Between Self-Concept and Behavior
Attribution Theory
Self-Esteem
The Dark Side of Self-Esteem
The Bright Side of Self-Esteem
Factors Affecting Self-Concept and Outlook
Resilience and Grit
Developing Self-Understanding
Expectations Matter: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
The Pygmalion Effect
Real-Life Examples
The Galatea Effect
How to Enhance Self-Awareness
Identify Life Scripts
Use the Johari Window
Interpersonal Styles in the Johari Window
Manage Impressions
Identify Your Multiple Identities
Life Is Like a Performance
Barriers to Perceiving Yourself and Others Clearly
Past Experiences Follow Us
We Close Our Mind
We Freeze Our First Impression
We Exhibit the Behaviors of a Lazy Perceiver
We Think We Know It All
We Blinder Ourselves
We Confuse Facts and Inferences
We Exhibit Deficient Empathy Skills
Gender, Self-Concept, and Perception
Standpoints: Lessons Frame Perceptions
Beliefs Can Blind Us
Culture, Self-Concept, and Perception
Barriers to Understanding
Notions of the Self are Culturally Based
Distinctness Stands Out
Self-Concept, Perception, and Technology
Technology Influences Information Processing
Technology Influences Our Online Presence
The Internet and Social Networks Promote Self–Other Comparisons
Technology Alters Perceptions of Reality
Understand perception is personally based
Watch yourself in action
Ask how others perceive you
Take your time
Commit to self-growth
Become a Word Master
4 Communicating With Words: Helping Minds Meet
Language is Alive: We Use Words to Share Meaning
Words, Things, and Thoughts
The Triangle of Meaning
Problems with the Communication of Meaning
Understanding Meaning’s Meaning
Meanings are Both Denotative and Connotative
Meaning is Dated
Meaning is Locational
Experience Influences Meaning
Jargon
Slang
Whether Language is Concrete or Abstract Influences Meaning
Barriers to Understanding: Patterns of Miscommunication
Bypassing: Confusing Meanings
Labeling: Mixing Up Words and Things
Polarization: The Missing Middle
Evasive and Emotive Language
Words Announce Our Attitudes
Do You Talk Doublespeak?
Politically Correct Language
Culture and Language
Culture Influences the Words Used
The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis
Cultural Differences Can Lead to Confused Translations
Culture Affects Communication Style
Culture Influences Symbolism and Vagueness
Prejudiced Talk
Linguistic Prejudice
Racial Code Words
Globalization’s Effects on Language
Gender and Language
Sexist Language
Naming Practices
Gender and Speech Style
Conversational Strategies
Gender-Lects
Words and Power
Profanity and Obscenity
Profanity in the Workplace
Reclamation of Profanity and Slurs
Technology and Language Use
Gifs Front and Center
Online Speak
Informality, Anonymity, and Inflammatory Language
Identify how labels impact behavior
Analyze how words affect feelings and attitudes
Identify how experience can affect meaning
Determine if meanings are shared
Become a Word Master
5 Nonverbal Messages Speak
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication
We All Do It
Nonverbal Communication Can be Conscious or Unconscious
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Message Reinforcement or Complementation
Message Negation
Message Substitution
Message Accentuation or Intensification
Message Regulation
Types of Nonverbal Communication
Body Language: Kinesics
Facial Expressions
Promoting Communication Presence Using Facial Management Techniques
Using Facial Appearance to Interpret and Evaluate Communication Presence
Facial Areas
The Eyebrows and Forehead
The Eyes
The Mouth
Posture
Gestures
Voice: Paralanguage
Pitch
Volume
Rate
Silence
Personal Characteristics
Space and Distance: Proxemic and Environmental Factors
The Distance Between Us
Intimate Distance
Personal Distance
Social Distance
Public Distance
Spaces
Informal Space
Semi-Fixed-Feature Space
Fixed-Feature Space
Territoriality and Personal Space
Appearance
The Height Factor
The Weight Factor
Other Appearance Effects
Clothing and Artifacts
Colors: Meanings and Associations
Time: Chronemics
Wait Time
Rush Time
Touch: Haptics
Touch Effects
Accessibility to Touch
Touch and Status
Smell: Olfactics
Emotional Triggers and Recall
Truth, Deception, and Nonverbal Cues
Who’s Best at Deception?
Gender and Nonverbal Behavior
Dominance and Affiliation
Dress Codes
Whose Voice?
Culture and Nonverbal Behavior
Expressing Emotion and Intimacy
Judgments of Beauty
Attitudes Toward Distance and Touch
Be Careful Making Meaning
Technology and Nonverbal Communication
Do Substitutes for Facial Expressions and Gestures Work?
Observe body language
Listen for vocal cues
Evaluate appearance, clothing, artifacts, and color
Assess the effects of time, touching, and smell
Explore the environment
Make predictions based on your observations of nonverbal behavior
Become a Word Master
6 Listening, Feedback, and Critical Thinking
Listening and Communication
True “Not Listening” Stories
We All Do It!
Are You Listening?
Listening is More Than Hearing
Defining Hearing
Defining Listening
Listening Takes Effort
How Responsive a Listener Are You?
Do You Prepare to Listen?
Do You Use Listening Time Wisely?
Complications Caused by the Digital Domain
Review Your Personal Situation
Do You Listen Accurately?
Do You Listen Ethically?
Are You a Receptive Listener?
Are You Ready to Listen Beyond Words?
Types of Listening
Appreciative Listening
Comprehensive Listening
Critical Listening
Empathic Listening
Decenter
Skills to the Rescue
Empathic Listening Fosters Healthy Relationships
The Stages of Listening: More than Meets the Ear
Hearing
Understanding
Remembering
Interpreting
Evaluating
Responding
More on the Ethics of Listening: Identifying Problem Behaviors
Responding with Feedback
What is Feedback?
Types of Feedback
Evaluative Feedback
Positive Evaluative Feedback
Negative Evaluative Feedback
Formative Feedback
Nonevaluative Feedback
Probing
Understanding
Supportive Feedback
“I” Messages
The Importance of Critical Thinking
What Critical Thinkers Think About
The Critical Versus the Uncritical Thinker
Questions to Facilitate Critical Thinking
Keep in Mind the Mindfulness Factor
Gender and Listening Style
Cultural Influences on Listening
People-Oriented Listeners
Content-Oriented Listeners
Action-Oriented Listeners
Time-Oriented Listeners
Mixing Styles
Dialogic Listening
Technology’s Influence on Listening and Critical Thinking
Our Shrinking Attention Span
Is the Computer Really Our “Friend”?
Listening Etiquette
We are Being Overstimulated
More Listening Wrinkles
More Options
Crossing Barriers
Use your listening time wisely
Give real, not pseudo, attention
Withhold judgment
Maintain emotional control
Be willing to see another person’s viewpoint
Listen with your whole body
Become a Word Master
7 Understanding Relationships
What is an Interpersonal Relationship?
Why Relationships Matter
We Need Connections
Relationships Fulfill Different Ends
Relationships Meet Needs
The Need for Inclusion
The Need for Control
The Need for Affection
These Needs Are Not All Met at the Same Time
Conversing: Connecting Through Interpersonal Dialogue
Talk Matters
Competing Concerns
Being Fully Present
The Five-Step Pattern
The Open
Feedforward
Goal Elaboration
Reflection
The Close
Take Turns
Who Don’t You Want to Talk To?
Relationships Differ in Breadth and Depth
Social Penetration Theory
Self-Disclosure Affects Relationship Breadth and Depth
Privacy Needs Affect Relationship Breadth and Depth
Analyzing Relationships
Relationship Stages: A Developmental Model
Stage 1: Initiating
Stage 2: Experimenting
Stage 3: Intensifying
Stage 4: Integrating
Stage 5: Bonding
Stage 6: Differentiating
Stage 7: Circumscribing
Stage 8: Stagnating
Stage 9: Avoiding
Stage 10: Termination
A Special Case: Relationship Termination Caused by a Loved One’s Passing
The Grief Process
How Others Help
Digital Media and Relational Processes
Tinder-Like Apps
Dropping Relationship Breadcrumbs
It’s Over
It Ended . . . but Not Really
Relationships Come with Costs and Benefits
Relationships Experience Tensions
Connection Versus Autonomy
Predictability Versus Novelty
Openness Versus Privacy
Dialectical Tension Resolutions
Lying, Trust, and Relationships
The Effects of Lying
Why Lying Takes a Toll
The Effects of Trust
The Trust Paradox
How Well Do You Tolerate Vulnerability?
Hurtful Messages
Laughter as Interpersonal Tool
Gender and Relationships
The Benefits of a Feminist Partner
Flirting Matters
Who’s Sorry?
Who Engages More With Social Media?
Who Focuses on Maintenance?
What We Share
Culture and Relationships
More on Technology and Relationships
Does Technology Help?
Popularity is Quantifiable, But is this Appropriate?
Factors Hampering Relationship Development Online
Some Find it Easier
Actively seek information from others, and allow others to seek information from you
Recognize that relationships evolve
Know when to sever a relationship
Recognize that communication is the lifeblood of a relationship
Become a Word Master
8 Person to Person: Handling Emotions and Conflict
Five Factors Contributing to Relationship Interest
Attractiveness
Proximity
Reinforcement
Similarity
Complementarity
Understanding the Uncertainty Factor
Strategies for Reducing Relationship Uncertainty
Predicting Relationship Outcomes
Types of Relationships
Acquaintanceships
Friendships
Keeping Friends
A Model of Friendship
Variant Forms of Friendship
Romantic Relationships
Unique Characteristics
Stages and Changes
Dysfunctions
Family Relationships
Expectations
Healthy Versus Unhealthy Communication
Evolving Composition
Making Sense
Work Relationships
Emotions and Relationships
We All Have Them
We Benefit from Emotional Intelligence
The Range of Emotions
Primary and Mixed Emotions
Are Feelings Catching?
Expressing and Sharing Feelings
Expression Problems
Suppressing and Disclosing Feelings
Censoring Feelings
Display Rules
Gender’s Effect
Culture’s Effect
Personal Values Play Their Part
Effects of Disclosing Feelings
Experiencing Relational Conflict
Sources of Relational Conflict
Categories of Relational Conflict
Classifying Conflict by Goal
Classifying Conflict by Intensity
Classifying Conflict by Type
Classifying Conflict by Functionality
Managing Relational Conflict
Crazy-Making Behavior
Effective Conflict Management
Conflict Resolution Styles
Nonassertiveness
Aggressiveness
Assertiveness
Use a DESC Script47
Gender, Culture, and Conflict
Gender and Conflict
Culture and Conflict
Technology, Relationships, and the Communication of Emotion
Effects on Self-Expression
Ego Effects
Tuned Into Feelings
Get Real
Drawbacks and Consequences
Face the difficulties you have expressing or handling feelings
When involved in a disagreement, stand up for your emotional rights
Check your perceptions
Show respect for feelings
If you respond inappropriately, be willing to apologize
Practice basic assertive behaviors
Become a Word Master
9 Teamwork: Strategies for Decision Making and Problem Solving
Groups, Teams, and You
Differentiating Groups and Teams
The Benefits of Groups and Teamwork
The Prevalence of Groups and Teamwork
Chararacteristics and Components of Groups
Group Membership
Group Size
Group Goals, Structure, and Climate
Characteristics of Effective Groups
The Dynamics of Group Development
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning
Using Groups to Make Decisions and Solve Problems
Advantages of the Small Group
Pooling Resources
Motivation Enhancement
Error Elimination
Better Received Decisions
More Pleasant Experience
Disadvantages of the Small Group
Shirking of Responsibility
Goal Conflicts
Decision Domination
Refusal to Compromise
The Risky Shift
It Takes Longer
When to Use a Group for Decision Making and Problem Solving
Understanding the Roles Group Members Play
Group Role-Classification Model
Task-Oriented Roles
Maintenance Roles
Self-Serving Roles
Understanding Group Member Relationships
Cooperation Versus Competition
Supportiveness Versus Defensiveness
Why We Become Defensive
Behaviors That Raise and Reduce Perceived Threat Levels
Evaluation Versus Description
Control Versus Problem Orientation
Strategy Versus Spontaneity
Neutrality Versus Empathy
Superiority Versus Equality
Certainty Versus Provisionalism
Decision Making in Groups: Reaching Goals
Strategies of Decision Making
Thinking About the Effectiveness of Decision-Making Methods
Majority Vote
Averaging
Let the Expert Decide
Let the Leader Decide
The Nominal Group
The Delphi Method
Quality Circles
Decision by Consensus
Factors to Consider in Weighing Decision Method Effectiveness
Questions for Decision Makers: Facts, Values, and Policies
Questions of Fact
Questions of Value
Questions of Policy
A Framework for Decision Making: Reflective Thinking
The Search for Better Ideas: Brainstorming
Where Ideas Come From
What Is Brainstorming?
Guidelines for Brainstorming
What Can Go Wrong?
Ways to Foster Creativity
Focus on Focus Groups
Gender, Culture, Technology, and Group Integration
Gender and Group Member Behavior
Decision Making
Exercising Power
Problem Analysis
Culture and Group Member Behavior
Openness to Ambivalence
Problem Solving and Member Satisfaction
Member Orientations
Globalization Effects
Group Composition and Goals
Generational Diversity
Technology and Groups
The Social Network Paradigm
Benefits of Online Groups
Drawbacks of Online Groups
Group goals are clearly understood and cooperatively formulated by the members
All members of the group are encouraged to communicate their ideas and feelings freely
Group members seek to reach a consensus when the decision is important
Consideration is given to both the task and the maintenance dimensions of the problem-solving effort
Group members do not set about problem solving haphazardly
Motivation is high
An effort is made to assess the group’s problem-solving style
The environment is open and supportive
The climate is cooperative
The group encourages continual improvement
Become a Word Master
10 Leading Others and Resolving Conflict
Approaches to Leadership: The Leader in You
What is Leadership?
Leadership Styles
Type X and Type Y Leaders
Autocratic, Laissez-Faire, and Democratic Leaders
Theories of Leadership
Trait Theory
Situational Theory
Functional Theory
Transformational Theory
Leading the Way Through Conflict Management
Goals and Styles: A Conflict Grid
Steer Clear of Groupthink
Cooperative Versus Competitive Conflict: Win-Win or Win-Lose
The Influence of Gender, Culture, and Technology on Leadership and Conflict Management
Gender, Leadership, and Conflict: Comparing Approaches
Gendered Leaders and Relationships
Gendered Leaders and Conflict
Culture, Leadership, and Conflict: Comparing Views
Overcoming Cultural Challenges to Reach Common Understandings
Leading Groups and Handling Conflict in Cyberspace
Recognize that conflicts can be settled rationally
Define the conflict
Check your perceptions
Suggest possible solutions
Assess alternative solutions and choose the one that seems best
Try your solution and evaluate it
Become a Word Master
11 Public Speaking and You
Building Public Speaking Confidence
Understand Your Fears
Understand Sources of Public Speaking Anxiety
Fear of Failure
Fear of the Unknown
Fear of Evaluation
Fear of Being the Center of Attention
Fear of Difference
Fear Due to Cultural Background
Controlling Speechmaking Anxiety
Use Deep-Muscle Relaxation to Overcome Physical Symptoms
Use Thought Stopping to Overcome Mental Symptoms
Use Visualization to Picture Yourself Succeeding
Other Techniques
Approaching Speech Making Systematically: A Primer for Giving Your First Speech
Proceed Step-by-Step
First Landing: Topic Selection and Self-Analysis and Audience Analysis
Second Landing: Speech Development, Support, and Organization
Third Landing: Presentation Practice and Delivery
Fourth Landing: Postpresentation Analysis
Analyze Yourself
Review Your Life: Your Narrative
Consider the Moment: This Moment
Search the News
Use Technology
Analyze Your Audience
Gathering Audience Information
Personal Experience
Research
Draw a Demographic Profile
Age Considerations
Gender Considerations
Sexual Orientation Considerations
Family Orientation
Religion
Cultural Background
Occupation
Socioeconomic Status
Educational Level
Additional Considerations
Draw a Psychographic Profile
Understand Receivers’ Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes
Understand How the Audience Perceives You
Analyze the Occasion
Date and Time: When and How Long?
Location: Where?
Occasion Specifics: Why? How Many?
Select Your Topic
Is the Topic Worthwhile?
Is the Topic Appropriate?
Is the Topic Interesting?
Is Sufficient Research Material Available on the Topic?
Narrow the Topic and Clarify Your Purpose
Formulate a Purpose Statement
Compose a Thesis
Identify Your Speech’s Main Points
Conduct a systematic self-analysis as a preparation for speech making
Analyze your audience
Analyze the occasion
Determine if your topic is supported by your interests, your audience’s interests, and the demands of the occasion
Narrow and clarify your topic
Become a Word Master
12 Researching, Supporting, and Outlining Your Speech
Research Your Topic
Research Both Online and Offline
Get to Know the Library
Use Reference Works
Use Online References and Databases
Use E-Mail
Check Newsgroups and Subreddits
Access the World Wide Web
Be Certain to Evaluate What You Find
Conduct Primary Research
Personal Observations and Experience
Informal Surveys
Interviews
Record Information Derived From Research
Select the Best Support Possible
Definitions
Statistics
Examples and Illustrations
Testimony
Comparisons and Contrasts
Repetition and Restatement
Linear and Configuralc Formats
Linear Organizational Formats
Chronological Order
Spatial Order
Cause-and-Effect Order
Problem-and-Solution Order
Topical Order
Internal Previews, Summaries, Transitions, and Signposts
Configural Organizational Formats
Outlining Your Speech: Building a Speaking Framework
Creating Your Outline
Outlining Principles
Beginnings and Endings
The Introduction
Functions of the Introduction
Types of Introductions
The Preview
The Conclusion
Functions of the Conclusion
Types of Conclusions
A Sample Outline
Have I made the specific purpose of my speech clear?
Have I expressed the main idea or thesis of my speech as effectively as I can?
Does my speech contain an introduction that includes both an attention-getter and a preview?
Have I developed a clear outline of my presentation?
In developing each main point in the speech, did I present sufficient verbal or visual support?
Have I taken the cultural backgrounds of receivers sufficiently into account?
Do I offer sufficient internal previews and summaries, as well as transitions and signposts, to facilitate comprehension and recall in my audience members?
Does my speech contain a conclusion that summarizes it? Does it use psychological appeals to promote receiver interest and heighten my speech’s impact?
Become a Word Master
13 Using Presentation Aids and Delivering Your Speech
Selecting and Preparing Presentation Aids
Why Use Presentation Aids?
Types of Visual Aids
Objects and Models
Graphs
Drawings, Photographs, and Maps
Guidelines for Evaluating Which Visuals to Use
Audio Aids
Computer-Assisted Presentations
Pitfalls of PowerPoint
Preparing to Speak
Manuscript Speeches
Memorized Speeches
Impromptu Speeches
Extemporaneous Speeches
Sound Bite Speaking (Twitter Speak)
Rehearsing
Conduct Tryouts: Rehearse, Refine, Rehearse
Conduct a Visual Tune-Up
Attire
Posture
Gestures
Movements and Facial Expressions
Eye Contact
Conduct a Vocal Tune-Up
Conduct a Verbal Tune-Up
Preparing for the Q&A
The Rehearsal–Confidence Connection
Presenting: Keys to Remember
Beyond the Presentation: Assessing Your Effectiveness
Content
Organization
Wording
Delivery
Assess the introduction
Critique the body
Determine the effectiveness of the conclusion
Weigh the effectiveness of presentation aids
Evaluate delivery
Become a Word Master
14 Informative Speaking
Sharing and Conceptualizing Information
Avoid Information Overload or Underload
Make it Relevant
Types of Informative Presentations
Speeches About Objects and Ideas
Speaking About an Object
Organizing Speeches About Objects
Speaking About an Idea
Organizing Speeches About Ideas
Speeches About Events and People
Speaking About an Event
Speaking About a Person
Organizing Speeches About Events and People
Speeches About Processes and Procedures
Organizing Speeches About Processes and Procedures
What It Means to Be Deaf
Guidelines for Informative Speakers
Create Information Hunger
Offer Information Balance
Emphasize Key Points
Involve the Audience
Make Information Memorable
Draw on Novelty and Creativity
Integrate Presentation Aids
Select a topic of importance to you and others
Use informing approaches appropriate to your subject
Frame your message strategically to enhance its relevance
Become a Word Master
15 Persuasive Speaking
The Purpose of Persuasion
Goals of Persuasion
Types of Persuasive Speeches
Propositions of Fact
Organizing the Question of Fact Speech
Propositions of Value
Organizing the Question of Value Speech
Propositions of Policy
Organizing the Question of Policy Speech
Understanding Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Persuading Responsibly, Strategically, and Credibly
Building Persuasive Credibility
Guidelines for Persuading Effectively
Be Clear About Your Goal
Consider Receivers’ Attitudes and Beliefs
Use the Influence Principles of Consistency and Social Proof
Gain Your Audience’s Attention
Evoke Relevant Needs and Issues
Make the Audience Feel and Think
Reason Logically
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Causal Reasoning
Reasoning From Analogy
Reason Ethically
Hasty Generalizations
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Slippery Slope
Red Herring
False Dichotomy
False Division
Personal Attacks
Glittering Generalities
Bandwagon Appeals
Appeal to Fear
Appeal to Tradition
Appeal to Misplaced Authority
Straw Man
Promise a Reward
Informed Sharing
Develop an effective attention getter to pique the audience’s interest
Research and use the most effective forms of evidence and reasoning
Appeal to the salient need levels of receivers
Use both positive and negative appeals to motivate receivers
Never put the best in the middle
Become a Word Master
Appendix Interviewing and Developing Professional Relationships
The Employment Interview: Beyond Casual Communication
Employer and Employee Perspectives
Common Interviewee Fears
Securing the Interview: Tools and Tasks
Networking and the Job Search
Preparing the Cover Letter and Résumé
The Cover Letter
The Résumé
Preliminary Prepping
Conducting an Interview
Structure: Stages of the Interview
The Opening
The Body
The Close
Questions: The Heart of the Interview
Interviewee Roles and Responsibilities
Assess Yourself
Prepare to Withstand Pressure
Identify Personal Qualifications
S.T.A.R
Interview Categories
Remember to Ask Questions
Impression Management and Interviewee Presence
Looking at the Law: Illegal Interview Questions
Diversity, Technology, and the Interview
Culture and the Interview
Technology and the Job Search
Personal Job-Seeking Websites
Electronic Résumés
Online Interviews and Assessment
Online Blunders to Avoid
Become a Word Master
Answer Key
SKILL BUILDER: Assessing the Nature of Fact–Inference Confusions (page 70)
Glossary. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Notes. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Appendix
Index
Отрывок из книги
We dedicate this book to our children, Matthew, a scientist, and Lindsay, an attorney, and their partners Tong and Daniel. We also write it in the memory of our parents, Martha and Marcel Kwal, and Nan and Wesley Gamble, and for our grandchild, Beckham Myles, who came into our lives last year, joyously reminding us of the magic of the cycle of life. Every day in Beckham’s life is an adventure, as it should be for us all.
How might those who matter in your life describe for others what it’s like to interact with you? Might they describe you as being present or distracted, empathetic or distant? How might they describe your behavior as coworker or team member? Might they assess you as cooperative and collaborative or instead report that you come off as self-concerned and a blocker? What words might people listening to you use to describe your presentation skills? Might they find you to be prepared and persuasive or ill-prepared and uninspiring? And were you to switch roles with them, how might those individuals describe you as a member of their audience? Might they report you to be attentive and encouraging or bored and disengaged? In each case, the adjectives others attribute to you is how you come across to them.
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New communication forms—new channels—alter our communication experiences. Technology and social media are game changers. Using them speeds up communication. Instead of valuing sequential understanding and careful logic, we seek immediate gratification and emotional involvement with people near and distant, close to home and around the world. As our real and virtual communication repertoires expand, we exist simultaneously both in the physical world and online.
Do you know anyone whose life has become a brand? A 2017 film, Ingrid Goes West, satirized the sometimes very painful ways in which social media impact lives.12 In the film Ingrid goes into a rage after seeing photos online of a wedding to which she wasn’t invited. A loner, she turns her life on its head by traveling to Los Angeles and reinventing herself into the image of her Instagram obsession, Taylor, a person who posts perfectly posed photos of herself along with inspirational quotes and has gazillions of followers.
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