Читать книгу The Dream Dictionary from A to Z [Revised edition] - Theresa Cheung - Страница 6

I NTRODUCTION: PREPARE TO DREAM

Once upon a time, I dreamt I was a butterfly, fluttering hither and thither, to all intents and purposes a butterfly. I was conscious only of my happiness as a butterfly, unaware that I was myself. Soon I awakened, and there I was, veritably myself again. Now I do not know whether I was then a man dreaming I was a butterfly, or whether I am now a butterfly dreaming I am a man.

– Chuang-Tzu

Every morning when you wake up and don’t recall any of your dreams – or dismiss the fleeting and surreal images that do surface in your mind as random nonsense – you miss an incredible opportunity for self-development. Hopefully, this book will help make dream amnesia a thing of the past and encourage you to treasure every one of your dreams as something sacred.

Treating dreams as sacred comes naturally to the Malaysian Senoi, a tribe noted by researchers for being completely free of depression and crime. The Senoi are believed to be such a happy and peaceful tribe because they use their dreams as tools for personal growth. From an early age Senoi children are encouraged to pay less attention to what is visible – the material world – and more to what is unseen – the world of the dream. Recording and discussing their dreams and using the insight of their night visions to guide their choices in waking life takes precedence over everything else.

The Senoi may be pointing us all in the right direction here. Many of us simply don’t pay enough attention to our dreams and miss out on a wealth of untapped wisdom. Research has shown that the more you recall and investigate your dreams, the better your creativity and problem-solving skills. Dreams may initially disorientate your logical mind because they typically don’t make any sense, but if you know how to interpret them even the oddest dreams can offer you priceless insights into your waking life. When analyzed effectively they are an incredibly rich source of guidance and healing, as well as the ideal catalysts for positive change and personal growth.

Why Do We Sleep?

Sleep is the balm for hurt minds, nature’s great second course.

– William Shakespeare

To better understand the nocturnal adventures of your mind it helps to know a little about the place where they all happen – the world of sleep. It is during sleep that we abandon conscious control over our body and mind and the unconscious or dreaming mind is allowed to roam free, giving rise to dreams.

We know that sleep is essential for our well-being but, like dreams, sleep remains a tantalizing mystery. It may surprise you to know that, to date, sleep researchers have not yet discovered the exact reason for sleep. For centuries it was thought that we needed to sleep to rest the body and mind, but this was disproved in the 1920s with the first electronic monitoring of the brain.

The brain gives off electrical impulses, and by attaching electrodes to various parts of the head scientists measure brain waves in a process known as electroencephalography. What these brain-wave readings (or ECGs) show is that both the body and the mind are active during sleep. So, if sleep doesn’t rest either your body or your mind, what is it for?

We don’t yet know for sure, but sleep researchers have uncovered some very intriguing things. It seems that when we fall asleep our brains act a little like computers that are offline. This means they are not idle but filing and updating. They do a system check on your body and release hormones to repair damaged tissues, stimulate growth, and fight infections. Sleep is therefore vital for the smooth running of many functions of your body and your brain, including memory, problem solving, and attention. Lack of sleep can lead to dementia, high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer, premature aging, weight gain, and lowered immunity. In short, sleep is essential, and we spend up to a third of our lives doing it. But despite all this we still aren’t entirely sure why we need it, and most doctors still don’t pay enough attention to the obvious importance of sleep for our physical and mental health.

However, the advent of space travel – of all things – has taught us a little more about sleep and why we need it. Scientists found that the prolonged periods of isolation and lack of external stimulation experienced by astronauts dramatically decreased their need for sleep. There is a sleep control center in our brains and when that gets overloaded with external stimuli we get tired. This explains why sometimes you nod off for no reason. Sleep is so crucial that your brain decides you have had quite enough stimulation and it’s time for you to switch off and recharge. If, however, there has not been enough stimuli from the outside world the sleep mechanism isn’t triggered, and you remain wide awake.

In other words, boredom, loneliness, routine, and the resulting lack of stimulation may account for episodes of insomnia. Although, paradoxically, it is worth noting that overstimulation has also been shown to trigger insomnia. Once again, whenever we edge closer to explaining the whats and whys of sleep, the plot thickens and the mystery remains.

The Stages of Sleep

Yet it is in our idleness, in our dreams, that the submerged truth sometimes comes to the top.

– Virginia Woolf

Perhaps the best way to learn more about sleep and why we need it is to understand what happens to our brains when we fall asleep.

Sleep researchers believe there are at least four stages of sleep, starting from when you begin to doze to when you lose conscious awareness and transform from a waking into a sleeping state. These stages are cyclic and repeat up to four or five times for every eight hours of sleep, each cycle lasting around 90 to 120 minutes. Here’s a brief, and by necessity, simplistic description of what typically happens when you go to bed at night.

During the first stage of sleep, when you lie down and close your eyes your body and mind relax. Heart and breathing rates slow down, blood pressure lowers, temperature drops, eyelids grow heavy, and eyes roll from side to side. During this stage you are semi-conscious and can easily awake. When people are sitting or traveling and they start to doze off, they struggle to keep their heads upright. This is stage one. It’s often called the hypnagogic state (the hypnopompic state is when you are just waking up) and it’s when you are most likely to experience hallucinations that float before your eyes.

In stage two, breathing and heart rate slow even further, eyes continue to roll, and you become more and more unaware of external stimuli or the noises from the outside world. It isn’t until the third and fourth stages of sleep, though, that you are finally sound asleep and it is harder to wake you up. You are now in a deep sleep state known as non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.

In NREM sleep your brain is released from the demands of your conscious brain and it is rather difficult to wake you. This slow brain-wave sleep cycle typically lasts around 90 minutes. At the end of stage four you move back through stages three, two and one, at which point you enter a fifth stage of sleep called rapid eye movement or REM sleep. This is when things start to get really interesting and the dreams begin.

REM Sleep

One of the most adventurous things left us is to go to bed. For no one can lay a hand on our dreams.

– E. V. Lucas

REM sleep is defined by tiny twitches of facial muscles and slight movements of the hands. Blood pressure rises, breathing and heart rate become faster, the brain is fully active and eyes dart rapidly under closed eyelids as if you were looking at a moving object. If you are a man you may have an erection.

Although dreams can occur during NREM, researchers have discovered that it is REM sleep which is most associated with dreaming. When sleepers are awakened during REM sleep, they typically recall their dreams. Sometimes people feel temporarily paralyzed if woken during REM, as if something heavy and/or malevolent is pressing down on them. This phenomenon may explain supposed succubus, incubus, and alien abduction experiences.

The first stage of REM sleep lasts around 10 minutes and then you fall back into stages two, three and NREM sleep again, and keep moving backwards and forwards between the stages through the sleep cycle. As the cycle continues, however, the REM phase gets longer and longer, with the longest phase lasting up to 45 minutes. Of all the phases of REM and NREM sleep, the final REM phases are the ones from which you are most likely to recall your dreams.

The emotional center of the brain is more active than the logical center when we are dreaming. But, intriguingly, scientists have found that dreaming about faces is linked to the areas of the brain involved in facial recognition when we are awake, suggesting that the dreaming and waking brain may not be as different as is often thought.

We Sleep to Dream

And one day there will come a great awakening when we shall realize that life itself was a great dream.

– Chuang-Tzu

Experiments have proved that sleep is essential for life. Rats typically live for two to three years; rats deprived of all stages of sleep live for about three weeks, and rats deprived of only REM sleep survive for about five. Other research has shown that both NREM and REM sleep are essential for preserving memory, but if people are repeatedly woken during periods of REM sleep – which means they are deprived of their dreamtime – they become anxious, irritable and stressed. This suggests that all stages of sleep are vital for physical and mental health, and REM sleep – when you are most likely to dream – is essential for your emotional and psychological well-being.

Therefore, although we still don’t know why we sleep, it is entirely possible that one of the major reasons we sleep is to dream.

How Much Sleep Do We Need?

We spend up to a third of our lives sleeping, which means that if you reach the age of 100 you will have been asleep for around 33 years. The amount of sleep each person needs to feel healthy and think clearly depends on many factors, including age and activity levels. For example, babies need around 14–15 hours a day, while teenagers need around 9–10 hours. For most moderately active adults around 7–8 hours of sleep a night appears to be the average amount needed, although some people need as few as 5 hours and others need up to 10. Elderly people tend to need a little less sleep, around 6–7 hours a night, and women tend to need more sleep than men. Women also tend to be lighter sleepers and more likely to wake during the night than men.

So, What Are Dreams?

Life is a dream, realize it.

– Sathya Sai Baba

Dreams captivate us. But what are they? Where do they come from? Why do we have them? Do they mean anything? Are they simply a collection of memories and random associations, or insightful gifts from our intuition? Can they help us make decisions in our waking lives?

We have learned a great deal about dreaming – and, as mentioned previously, all the indications are that dreams are crucial for your mental and emotional health – but there is still so much we don’t know: dreams remain as mysterious as ever. This elusiveness hasn’t stopped people theorizing about why we have them.

There is a school of thought which believes that dreams are meaningless, or just random neuron activity responding to biochemical changes. Others believe dreams are simply your brain’s way of decluttering or sorting out and consolidating memories and associations. However, most modern psychologists, scientists, and sleep researchers believe dreams are far more than that.

One prominent theory is that dreams reveal hidden insights, wishes, and truths about the dreamer. The world of the dream is a dramatization of the dreamer’s personal or inner world. Another popular theory suggests dreams can help you process or come to terms with difficult emotions to achieve psychological or emotional balance. Dreams may also help you rehearse, practice, and prepare different responses to situations or scenarios, in other words, they allow you to role play in a safe way.

There is also the popular ‘sleep on it’ view that dreams are a source of creative inspiration and can help with problem solving. One less prominent theory, but which has its supporters, is that dreams are a form of consciousness that can unite past, present and future and offer us glimpses of potential futures.

One thing that unites all these different theories is the belief that, whatever dreams are, they are good for you. They help you live a better, happier, life.

A Brief History of Dream Interpretation

Now Allah has created the dream not only as a means of guidance and instruction, I refer to the dream, but he has made it a window on the world of the unseen.

– The Prophet Mohammed

The notion that dreaming is positive, and dream interpretation a powerful tool, dates back millennia. Ancient art and literature are rich in dream references. Back in the mists of time dreams were not so much regarded as tools for personal growth (as they are today) but believed to have supernatural or prophetic significance. For example, the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians all believed dreams had miraculous healing powers, and the Bible promotes the idea that dreams are divine messages.

Other cultures, such as the Australian Aborigines and many African and Native American tribes, have always believed that dreams are a way to enter an unseen spirit realm. To this day, dream interpretation plays a major part in these tribal societies. The Inuit of Canada believe that when a person dreams, their soul leaves their body and enters the spirit realm.

As far as dream interpretation is concerned the Egyptians are thought to be the pioneers, producing the earliest known dream dictionary, written over 4,000 years ago. Called the Chester Beatty Papyrus today, it came from Thebes in Egypt and is kept in the British Museum. It is the ancient Greeks, however, who first proposed the theory that dreams are not from some external or divine source but are internal communications, or the divine spark within. Plato (427–347 BC) suggested that dreams were representations of hidden wishes and desires, while his pupil Aristotle (384–322 BC) suggested that dreams shared collective or similar themes. It was the ‘father of medicine’ Hippocrates (460–377 BC) who presented the idea that dream symbols had a physiological interpretation – for example, fire denoted indigestion – and should be used as diagnostic tools.

Artemidorus (AD 138–180), a Roman living in Greek Asia Minor, is believed to be the first dream researcher to focus fully on dream symbols and themes. He wrote a book entitled Oneirocritica (The Interpretation of Dreams) that is still in print today. He postulated that dream symbols had certain meanings but that the most important aspect of dream interpretation was the personal significance of the dream symbol to the dreamer. (This author is in total agreement with Artemidorus about the personal significance of dreams and their meaning, and can only dream that this dictionary stays in print as long as his remarkable manuscript!)

Throughout medieval Europe, even though the early Christians respected dreams for their spiritual significance, the repressive control of the Roman Catholic Church put a stop to any attempts at dream interpretation. By the end of the 15th century dreams were regarded as no longer significant, and a century or so later even Shakespeare called them ‘children of the idle brain’. The ‘dreams are meaningless’ school of thought persisted well into the 18th century.

During the early 19th century, when the restrictive influence of the Church began to wane and the members of the Romantic movement – in their quest for spontaneous expression – rediscovered the potential of dreams, a revival of interest in dream interpretation began. Popular dream dictionaries, such as Raphael’s Royal Book of Dreams (1830) trickled into the mainstream and set the stage for Freud and Jung, the two giants of dream interpretation whose theories continue to influence the way dreams are interpreted today.

The Revolution of Freud and Jung

Dreams are often most profound when they seem the most crazy.

– Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud (1858–1939) opened the door to the scientific study of dreams with his book The Interpretation of Dreams (1900). At the time, when prudish attitudes were prevalent, he caused general outrage with his controversial theory that dreams are wish-fulfillment fantasies that have their origins in our infantile urges, and in particular our sexual desires.

Freud believed that the human mind is made up of the id (the primitive or unconscious mind), the ego (the conscious mind which regulates the id’s antisocial instincts with a self-defense mechanism), and the superego (which is the consciousness that in turn supervises and modifies the ego). According to Freud, the id is controlled by the pleasure principle (the urge to gratify its needs), and the instinct that the ego finds hardest to manage is the sexual drive first awakened in childhood. The id comes to prominence in dreams, when it expresses in symbolic language the urges repressed when we are awake. Symbols are used because if these drives were expressed literally, the ego would be shocked into waking up.

To interpret a dream successfully, the symbols need to be uncovered and their true meaning discovered. The way that Freud suggested doing this was a technique called ‘free association’, or spontaneously expressing the responses that immediately spring to mind when certain words relating to the dream are put forward. The aim is to limit interference from the ego to discover the dreamer’s unconscious instincts.

Swiss analytical psychologist Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1965), although an initial supporter of Freud’s ideas, could never fully agree with them. He felt there was far more to dreams than hidden sexual frustration, and put forward the theory of the ‘collective unconscious’: a storehouse of inherited patterns of experiences and instincts common to humans and expressed in dreams in universal symbols, which he called ‘archetypes’.

According to Jungian theory, the psyche is made up of the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, and when a symbol appears in a dream it is important to decide whether it relates to us personally or is an archetype. The way Jung suggested we do this is by a technique called ‘direct association’, i.e. concentrating only on the dream symbol when you think about the qualities associated with it.

Jung speculated that the unconscious mind projected dream symbols in an attempt to bring the conscious and unconscious mind into a state of balance he called ‘individuation’. According to his theory, the only way the unconscious mind can express itself fully is in dreams, so it will flood our dreams with symbolic messages that reflect our current progress in waking life. These messages can bring comfort and guidance, or bring repressed urges to the fore, but their aim is the same – to encourage personal growth and self-development. However, before we can benefit from such intuitive wisdom, we first of all need to understand the language of symbols.

Other Important Dream Theorists

If you can dream and not make dreams your master …

– Rudyard Kipling

Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler (1870–1937) suggested that dreams are all about wish-fulfillment because they allow the dreamers to have skills and powers denied to them in waking life. According to Adler, ‘The purpose of dreams must be in the feelings they arouse.’

Gestalt psychologist Fritz Perls (1893–1970) believed that dreams project hidden aspects of our personalities and the best way to interpret them is to use a non-interpretative interviewing technique. In other words, you ask your dream character or object what they are trying to say. Then you try to adopt the dream’s mindset and answer the questions.

Noted Australian dream expert Gayle Delaney suggests using an interviewing technique that addresses questions such as ‘How did the dream make you feel?’ or ‘How can you connect your dream with your waking life?’ Some dream theorists believe dreams deal with problems we can’t solve in waking life and offer solutions. Looking at them in the light of waking day, and believing them to be full of insight, we may sometimes come up with new ideas or insights while studying and interpreting them.

Thanks to the work of Jung and Freud and other influential dream theorists, dream interpretation is now accessible to everyone. It’s more popular today than it has ever been, with people from all walks of life using their dreams as unique and personal sources of guidance and inspiration, or as tools for change, growth, and personal development.

Dreams can offer us profound insights into what is preoccupying us and, although they are likely to forever remain mysterious, interpreting them can be healing and empowering, help us understand ourselves better and shape the decisions we make in our waking lives. As we’ve seen, there are different approaches to the interpretation of dreams and you’ll find a fusion of all of these in this book.

Famous Dreamers

Through the centuries, the dreaming mind has been said to be the source of countless insights, revelations, and even history-changing guidance. Here are just a few well-known examples:

Julius Caesar attributed his decision to cross the Rubicon and march on Rome with his army to a dream, in which he saw himself lying in bed with his mother (his seers told him she represented Mother Rome). And his wife Calpurnia saw his assassination foretold in a dream.

St Francis of Assisi had a dream in which Jesus Christ spoke to him from the Cross, telling him to ‘set my house in order’, and so went on to found the Franciscan Order of friars.

Dante reported that the entire story of the Divine Comedy was revealed to him in a dream he had on Good Friday in 1300. When he died in 1321, some of the original manuscript was lost. His son Jacopo recovered the manuscript thanks to a dream in which his father showed him exactly where to look.

Genghis Khan is reported to have received his battle plans in dreams. It is also said that a dream told him he was ‘a chosen one’.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote his famous poem ‘Kubla Khan’ after waking from an opium-fueled dream.

Robert Louis Stevenson was convinced his best stories, including the main device in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, came to him in dreams. Suffering as a child from nightmares, he reportedly learned to control his dreams so he would no longer have nightmares. He said his dreams inspired all his writings.

Days before he was assassinated, Abraham Lincoln dreamed of loud wails coming from the East Wing of the White House. When he investigated, he was told by soldiers on guard that they were weeping for the President, who had been assassinated. Days later Lincoln’s body was laid in state in the East Wing so people could pay their last respects.

Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz was a chemist working on the chemical structure of benzene. His data made no sense to him because benzene (we now know) does not behave like a ‘long string’ molecule. While dozing in a comfortable seat, Kekulé saw in a dream the image of a snake biting its own tail. He woke up and immediately understood the mathematics of the benzene molecule – which has a ring rather than a long-string structure.

Italian violinist and composer Giuseppe Tartini composed one of his greatest works, ‘The Devil’s Trill’, after a dream he had in 1713. In the dream he handed his violin to the devil himself, who began

to play with consummate skill a sonata of such exquisite beauty as surpassed the boldest flights of my imagination. I felt enraptured, transported, enchanted; my breath was taken away, and I awoke. Seizing my violin I tried to retain the sounds I had heard. But it was in vain. The piece I then composed…was the best I ever wrote, but how far below the one I heard in my dream!

Elias Howe wrote that he understood the central notion of his invention of the sewing machine in a nightmare in which he was captured by cannibals. While dancing around a fire and preparing to cook him, the cannibals waved their spears. Howe’s dreaming mind noticed that the head of each spear bore a small hole through the shaft. The up-and-down movement of the spears and the hole in each spear remained with him when he woke. The idea of passing thread through a needle close to its tip, and not at its widest point, was a major innovation in making sewing by machine possible.

One night in 1816, Mary Shelley, her husband, and a group of friends were challenged to each write a ghost story. That night Mary dreamed of a creature that would later become the monster created by Victor Frankenstein in her yet-to-be-written novel.

Niels Bohr said that he developed the model of the atom after he had a dream that he was sitting on the sun with all the planets whizzing around him and hanging by the thinnest cords.

Paul McCartney heard a haunting melody in one of his dreams, confirmed that none of the Beatles had heard it before, and wrote it down. It became the tune for the song ‘Yesterday’.

In 1964 golfer Jack Nicklaus told a reporter how his dreams helped him practice and significantly improve his golf swing.

Dream Types

To all, to each, a fair good night. And pleasing dreams and slumbers light.

– Sir Walter Scott

Understanding what type of dream you had can help you to interpret it. Just as there are different types of music – classical, rock, jazz – there are different kinds of dreams. Although dream types can blend and merge, modern dream researchers tend to break dreams down into one of the following categories:

Afterlife Dreams

Dreams about departed loved ones can feel incredibly real and bring tremendous comfort, healing, and reassurance to the dreamer, encouraging them to believe that perhaps in some unseen realm the departed loved one lives on. Psychologists believe such dreams are products of grief, but whether they are or not research has shown that people who dream of departed loved ones tend to deal better with their grief than people who do not.

Amplifying Dreams

These can exaggerate certain situations or life attitudes in order to point them out sharply for the dreamer. For example, someone who is very shy may dream that they have become invisible.

Anticipating Dreams

These are dreams that may alert us to possible outcomes in situations in our waking lives – for example, passing or failing an exam. We dream the most likely scenarios, or what our fears about these situations are.

Auditory Dreams

These are dreams where you recall sounds or hearing something, rather than visual symbols. Many artists and musicians have experienced these kinds of dreams and used what they heard as inspiration for their work. Sometimes the sound you hear may be the sound of a narrator telling you what is happening in the dream. When this occurs your dreaming mind wants you to concentrate on the narrative or story being told. (Be aware that sometimes external noises from your sleeping environment, like a phone ringing, can creep into your dream.)

Cathartic Dreams

Such dreams evoke extremely emotional reactions, when the unconscious is urging us to release pent-up emotions we may feel unable to express in waking life. For example, you may find yourself bursting into tears on a packed commuter train in your dreams, or you might punch your irritating neighbor or tell your boss exactly what you think of them.

Childhood Dreams

Dreaming about your childhood may reflect a childhood dynamic that hasn’t been worked out yet and requires a resolution. It may also suggest a need for greater spontaneity in your waking life.

Contrary or Compensatory Dreams

In these types of dreams, the unconscious places the dreaming self in a totally different situation to the one we find ourselves in waking life. For example, if your day has been filled with unhappiness and stress due to the death of a loved one or the end of a relationship, you may dream of yourself spending a carefree, happy day by the seaside. Your unconscious may also give you personality traits that you haven’t expressed in waking life. For example, if you hate being the center of attention, you may dream about being a celebrity. Such dreams are thought to provide necessary balance, and may also be suggesting to you to incorporate in your waking life some of the characteristics that your dream highlighted.

Daily-processing Dreams

Also known as factual dreams, daily-processing dreams are dreams in which you go over and over things that happened during the day, especially those that were repetitive or forced you to concentrate for long periods – dreaming about a long trip or a tough work assignment, for example. These kinds of dreams don’t tend to be laden with meaning, and most dream theorists think of them as bits and pieces of information your brain is processing.

Daydreaming

There is a big difference between daydreaming and dreams when you are sleeping, even though the physical state we enter when we daydream has much in common with the relaxed state we assume during sleep. However, when you are daydreaming, you are not actually asleep. When you are asleep, your defense mechanisms are down and you are psychologically more vulnerable. In other words, we shed the masks we wear in public. Therefore, what is expressed in dreams (as opposed to daydreams) is probably a better representation of who we are, not just our waking hopes and fears. Those feelings and thoughts we might be unwilling to acknowledge in waking life often surface boldly in dreams. Dreams we have when we are fully asleep also speak to us in the powerful language of symbols, whereas the language of daydreams tends to be more tangible, reflecting events that have a clearer reality to them.

Epic, Cosmic, or Life-changing Dreams

These kinds of dreams are extremely vivid and rich in archetypal symbolism. They are likely to be the dreams that you can’t forget for many years after you have had them. When you wake up you feel that you have learned something profoundly important about yourself. See also 10 COMMON DREAMS YOU SHOULD NEVER IGNORE, here.

False Awakening

It is thought that many reported sightings of ghosts are caused by false awakenings, which occur when you are actually asleep but are convinced in your dream state that you are awake. This is the kind of vivid dream in which you wake up convinced that what happened in your dream really occurred.

Incubated Dreams

This is when you set your conscious mind on experiencing a particular kind of dream. For example, you may ‘incubate’ a dream of a loved one by concentrating on visualizing your loved one’s face before you sleep, or you may ask for a dream to answer your problems immediately before going to sleep. The theory is that your unconscious responds to the suggestion or request. See also Dream-maker, here.

Inspirational Dreams

Many great works of art, music, and literature have allegedly been inspired by dreams, when the unconscious brings a creative idea to the fore. For example, English poet and artist William Blake said that his work was inspired by the visions in his dreams.

Lucid Dreams

These occur when you become aware that you are dreaming while you are dreaming. It takes time and practice to stop yourself from waking up, but it is possible to learn how to become a lucid dreamer and control the course of your dreams. See also Dream Catcher, here.

Mutual Dreams

This is when two people dream the same dream. Such dreams can be spontaneous or incubated, for example when two people who are close decide on a dream location together and imagine themselves meeting up before going to sleep.

Nightmares

These are dreams that terrify us or cause us distress in some way by waking us up before the situation has resolved. Nightmares occur during REM sleep and typically arise when a person is feeling anxious or helpless in waking life. Once the dreamer has recognized what is triggering this kind of dream, and worked through any unresolved fears and anxieties, nightmares tend to cease.

Night Terrors

These are similar to nightmares, but because they occur in deep sleep (stage four of the sleep cycle) we rarely remember what terrified us, although we may be left with a lingering feeling of unexplained dread.

Out-of-body Experiences

Also known as astral travel or projection, out-of-body experiences are thought to occur at times of physical and emotional trauma. Researchers tend to dismiss the idea, but those who experience such dreams say that their mind, consciousness or spirit leaves their body and travels through time and space.

Past-life Dreams

If you dream of being in an historical setting, some believe this is evidence of past-life recall. Most dream theorists dismiss the existence of past-life or far-memory dreams, or genetic dreams (when you assume the identity of an ancestor) as evidence for past lives.

Physiological Dreams

These dreams reflect the state of your body, so, for example, if you have an upset stomach you may dream that you are being violently sick. These dreams may highlight the progress of serious physical conditions, or in some cases predict the onset of them. Alcohol consumption can also affect your dreams, increasing the likelihood of vivid but often disturbing dream images. (Sometimes these types of dreams are called ‘Healing Dreams’.)

Psychic Dreams

The great majority of dreams are symbolic and interpreted psychologically, but a tiny percentage of dreams may fall into an utterly unique category of psychic dreams or night visions. Psychic dreams include dreams of departed loved ones and dreams that are precognitive and offer glimpses of the future or warning signals. Other dreams which fall into this category are dreams that appear to be empathetic or even telepathic, in that the dreamer seems to be somehow sensing what is happening to someone else. Shared or mutual dreams – in which people describe dreaming the same dream – dreams of unborn children, and dreams where your spirit brings spiritual help or healing to others are other types of psychic dreams, or dreams that can bring healing and comfort but which experts struggle to explain rationally. Distinguishing features of psychic dreams is that they often feel real and have no plot or storyline. They also are the kind of dreams that bring great comfort and reassurance and you are likely to remember them for days, weeks, months, or even years after you have had them. See also Can You See the Future in Your Dreams?, here.

Psychological Dreams

These are dreams that bring things we would rather not think about to our attention. They make us face an aspect of ourselves or our lives that might be hindering our progress. They are often about our fears, anxieties, resentment, guilt, and insecurities. For example, if you dream you are running round and round on a hamster wheel in a cage, unable to stop, this could suggest that in your waking life you are taking on too much and not giving yourself enough time to relax.

Recurring Dreams

Dreams that recur typically happen when the dreamer is worried about a situation that isn’t resolving itself in waking life. When the trigger in waking life is dealt with, the dreams usually end. Recurring dreams can also occur when a person is suffering from some kind of phobia or trauma that has been repressed or not resolved. If this is the case, the unconscious is urging the dreamer to consciously acknowledge the issue and deal with it.

Sexual Dreams

In dreams, sex can reflect a desire for companionship or sexual frustration in waking life. But it is more likely to represent a hoped-for reunion with a part of ourselves that we are not yet expressing but need to integrate or acknowledge within ourselves to become whole.

Signal or Problem-solving Dreams

These occur when you have gone to bed mulling over a problem and found the answer in your dreams. This could be because your unconscious has already solved the problem and ‘sleeping on it’ gives your unconscious a chance to express itself. Many famous inventions were allegedly prompted by a dream. For example, Scottish engineer and inventor of the steam engine James Watt (1736–1819) dreamed of molten metal falling from the sky in the shape of balls. This dream gave him the idea for drop cooling and ball-bearings. The model of the atom, the M9 analog computer, the isolation of insulin in the treatment of diabetes and the sewing machine were all ideas that sprung from dream inspiration.

Telepathic Dreams

This is the kind of dream when someone you know appears in your dream in acute distress, and you later learn that that person was experiencing a real-life crisis at the time – such as extreme unhappiness, an accident or even death. It is thought that telepathic and empathetic dreams are a meeting of minds between two people who are close to each other emotionally.

Vigilant Dreams

These are processing dreams that involve your senses. For example, if your cell phone rings or a picture falls to the floor while you are asleep, the sound may be incorporated into your dream but appears as something else, such as a police siren or a broken window. The smell of flowers in your room may also become a garden scene in your dreams.

Wish-fulfillment Dreams

These are the kind of dreams in which we quite literally ‘live the dream’: we might win the lottery, date a celebrity, ooze charisma, or simply go on a long vacation. In these kinds of dreams our unconscious is trying to compensate for disappointment or dissatisfaction with our current circumstances in waking life.

Walking and Talking in Your Sleep

Sleepwalking or moving about while asleep is an attempt to put a dream into action. Most likely you have grown out of the habit – if you ever had it – but if an occasion arises which is very stressful, you may, like Lady Macbeth, re-enact the nightmare in this way. Talking in your sleep springs from similar causes to sleepwalking. It is an attempt to carry a dream on verbally. You are more likely to walk, talk, or move in your sleep when you are under mental pressure. Most of the time this is totally harmless, but some sleepwalkers and talkers can put themselves in real danger. Precautions should therefore be taken. Make sure windows are closed and, if stairs are a hazard, doors locked. If you’re really worried about your sleepwalking, seek advice from your doctor. If someone you live with sleepwalks, don’t try to wake them – just guide them quietly and gently back to bed.

Can You See the Future in Your Dreams?

For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see, saw the vision of the world and all the wonder that could be.

– Tennyson

Déjà vu dreams involve dreams of a person, place or thing and then, the following day or a few days afterwards, you encounter whatever featured in your dreams. Precognitive dreams are similar in that they offer glimpses of the future, but they differ in that they predict real-life events the dreamer is typically not familiar with or can have absolutely no conscious awareness of. Déjà vu dreams, in contrast, could be explained as simply being highly likely scenarios because the people, things, and situations you later encounter in your waking life are ones that you are personally familiar with.

Precognitive dreams are rare but there have been many instances when people claim to have dreamed of events they couldn’t possibly have guessed or known about before they happened. For example, many people reported dreaming about 9/11 before it occurred. Other people tell of canceling trains or flights because of a foreboding dream, only to later hear that the train or plane has crashed. There are even reports of people who dreamed the winning numbers of the lottery.

Research suggests that up to 30 percent of people have had precognitive-type dreams. Most dream researchers dismiss precognitive dreams as coincidences, but in recent years a select group of scientists have warmed to the theory that dreams might actually be able to offer us a view of our future or a potential future. Their theory is inspired by the scientifically proven phenomenon of ‘presentiment’: bodily signals, such as a raised heart rate and increased sweating, that something is about to happen before it actually happens. If this intuitive physical sensing of the future can happen to us when we are awake, then it may also happen to us in our dreams while we are sleeping.

Science has a long way to go to prove that it might be possible to see the future in your dreams but the fact the theory is being researched and taken seriously is wildly exciting. We know even less about time – what it is and how it works – than we do about dreams. Both time and dreams remain elusive but enduring mysteries, united by the theme of eternal possibility.

How to Interpret Your Dreams

If the dream is a translation of waking life, waking life is also a translation of the dream.

– René Magritte

If you have ever wondered why dreams often appear so difficult to understand or make sense of, it is because the information they contain is relayed to you in a different language: the language of symbols. If you want to understand your dreams you need to learn their symbolic language.

People alive or dead, known and unknown; animals both domestic and wild; landscapes and buildings familiar and strange; and any number of symbolic objects such as shapes, colors, signs, numbers, jewelry, food, clothing, and so on, are just some of the countless number of images that can populate your dreams. These images are not to be interpreted literally but personally. They are your own thoughts, feelings and ideas translated into a series of images that are like ordinary scenes in your daily life. For example, if you feel overwhelmed, you may have a dream you are swimming but finding it hard to keep your head above water. If you feel stressed, you may have a dream where you are being chased by an unknown threat. The number of images that your mind can translate into dream symbols for you to interpret is practically endless.

Words just can’t convey the countless powerful thoughts and feelings that symbols do. These symbols are often chosen from something that has caught your attention in waking life, triggering a memory, conflict, or concern that resonates both in the present and in the past.

Remember, in the majority of cases everything you see, do, feel and sense in your dream is about you. Everything in your dream says something about you. It really is the world of your dreams. If you have seen the movie Inception you may recall the scene when everyone turns to stare at the dreamer. That’s exactly how dreams work. The people in your dreams are all aspects of you, the things in your dream all say something about you, as does the storyline or plot. Waking up to the reality that you are dreaming about yourself is illuminating and gives you a head start as far as dream interpretation is concerned.

Now that you understand that you are the world of your dream, the next step is to interpret the symbols your dreaming mind is sending you. One tried-and-tested way to uncover the meaning of your dream images is by association. You simply express the first thing that pops into your head when a trigger image from your dream is given. If you don’t immediately get an associative thought, try working through all your feelings about that image. For example, say you saw a bird in a dream. Do you like birds or do they make you nervous? Try to discover what the image means to you right now, for the meanings of your symbols will change over time.

The more you think about and try to interpret your dreams, the more you will begin to understand the significance of your personal images. You’ll probably find that you dream the most about the things that you are familiar with: your family, your colleagues, your friends, your pets. Each time you dream about these familiar things they will have personal significance for you alone. What aspects of your personality do these symbols represent to you?

Remember, most dreams are not to be taken literally and you need to do a bit of detective work to get to the real message. Just because you dream that a friend is dying does not mean that they will die, but rather that some aspect of your relationship with him or her or some aspect of your life is ending. Death in dreams suggests endings of some kind but also new beginnings. In fact, interpreting dreams literally can be harmful. As pointed out earlier, you have your own set of unique dream images and symbols. If you love cats, what a cat means to you and what a cat means to someone who can’t stand them will be very different. Always bear in mind that your dream symbols and images and their interpretation are unique to you.

If you struggle to understand your dream symbols turn your attention to the emotions of your dreams. How did your dream make you feel? Was it joy or sadness or love or fear? Then, when you have identified the emotion, observe it – but don’t identify yourself with it. You are not your emotions. Your emotions teach you something and you always have choice or free will over what you want to do with your life.

As well as noticing the emotions, start asking questions of your dream. Who are you in the dream? Is there a dream theme? Why did certain people or events or other symbols appear in your dream? Don’t try to get answers in every case. See what associations come up because sometimes just asking the question and paying attention to what surfaces in your awareness following a dream is enough. Bear in mind that everything in your dream is there for a reason: to tell you something about you. If someone you know appears in your dream, what aspect of them is reflected or needed or not being acknowledged within you?

Although the images and symbols in your dreams do need to be interpreted, their purpose isn’t to mystify you. They are simply trying to convey a message. If you do find yourself getting tense, confused, or frustrated when trying to interpret a dream, let it go. Dream interpretation is best approached with an open mind and in a relaxed, optimistic state.

You don’t need to interpret every single dream you have. In the same way that some movies are more compelling and thought-provoking than others, some dreams – such as those when you do fantastic things like flying into space or lying on a sandy beach – are simply to be enjoyed. You don’t always have to dig deep for meaning. It’s good to be aware that a dream might contain a message of importance, but don’t get obsessed with finding meanings for every single detail – just interpret what you can.

Dreams, like life, are full of big and little stuff. Don’t sweat the ‘small stuff’.

Capturing Your Dreams: How to Recall

Dreams are illustrations…from the book your soul is writing about you.

– Marsha Norman

By far the biggest stumbling block to tapping into the inspiration and insight your dreams offer you is not remembering them.

If you don’t think you dream, think again. Everyone dreams. You simply aren’t recalling them. We all dream several dreams a night. Experts believe we each have 100,000 dreams over the course of our lives. So, you might be wondering why you can’t remember a single one.

The dreams you have when you are close to waking up are the ones you are most likely to remember, but with a little effort you can boost your dream recall. Remember, research has shown that dream recall is good for you emotionally and will improve your creativity. The following dream recall trips are extremely effective and will have you remembering your dreams in no time if you keep practicing them every day and night. In fact, the more attention you pay to your dreams by thinking about them, writing them down, working with them and reading and re-reading this book, the more likely you are to remember them. Like everything in life, where your attention goes is where things tend to manifest. Your dreaming mind responds the more attention you pay to your dreams.

 Wake up earlier: Set your alarm clock 10 minutes earlier as this may interrupt a stage of REM sleep where dreams are more likely to happen.

 Set the intention to dream: Before you go to bed set your intention to dream. Tell yourself several times when you close your eyes to sleep that you will remember your dreams when you wake up. Think about how much you would love to remember your dreams and how much fun it is to do so. You may also want to write down ‘I will remember my dreams when I wake up and I’m looking forward to it’ on a piece of paper before you go to sleep. Place that piece of paper next to your bed.

 Visualize: One way to make sure you remember your dreams is to talk to yourself in a positive way. You may also want to try this simple visualization technique:

 When you feel sleepy, turn off the lights and settle down in your favorite sleeping position. In a relaxed way, think about your dreams. Breathe in for a count of five, and out for a count of ten. Repeat this, and then breathe normally. Now imagine you have just woken in the morning and, as you slowly move back into consciousness, you reach for your pen and write down your dream. Bring your attention to the present again, and feel comfortable, warm, and sleepy. Tell yourself out loud so you can hear yourself speaking that in the morning you will remember your dreams.

 Keep still: When you wake up in the morning (or in the night) remain in the position you woke up in, preferably with your eyes closed, as this will help you recall the dream. Any kind of movement will distract your mind. Keep as still as you can and try to remember your dreams. If you can’t recall anything let your mind wander for a while as the chances are dream images will form. Remember, on waking your awareness hasn’t shifted fully from dreams to daily awareness so use this twilight time to re-enter your dreams.

 Write your dream down immediately on waking: As soon as dream images appear write them down or speak them into a voice recorder. Don’t be tempted to get up, brush your teeth, or get dressed and start your day first as this will distract your brain and your dreams will vanish from your memory.

 Keep writing: If you can’t remember anything, write down: ‘I can’t remember anything now but I might later and I will write it down then.’ This sets the intention that you are ready to start remembering your dreams and if dream images appear in your day (and sometimes they do) you will record them.

 Self-care: Be aware that medication, alcohol, too little sleep, anxiety, and stress overload can all block dream recall. If you are consistently not remembering your dreams, practicing relaxation, stress reduction, and self-care in your daily life will boost your chances of better dream quality and recall.

 Diet: Studies have shown that supplementing your diet with vitamin B6, or ensuring you eat a diet sufficient in B6, will improve dream recall. Sources of B6 include eggs, sunflower seeds, tuna, dried fruit, and turkey.

 Unplug: Avoid screen time for at least an hour before you go to bed.

 New Age: An herbal cushion of mugwort mixed with sage and lavender and placed under your pillow or an azurite crystal beside your bed are alternative suggestions for better dream recall you may want to experiment with. Calea Z herbal tea is also believed to boost dream recall, but (as with any herbal remedies) consult your doctor first to ensure it is safe to take.

 Live your dreams: Studies have shown that the more attention you pay to dreams and dreaming when you are awake, the better your dream recall. Your dreaming mind loves it when you incorporate elements of your dreams into your waking life. For example, if you were wearing red in your dream wear red during the day, or if someone you know was in your dream make a point of reaching out to them. When you do this your dreaming self will know you are taking it seriously and will reward you – as everyone likes to be taken seriously.

Capturing Your Dreams: How to Record

Keeping a notepad and pen beside your bed and recording your dreams immediately on waking is one of the best ways to help your dream-recall. Although some people prefer a voice recorder – and you may find talking through your dream easier to do – if you record your dreams in writing you give them greater authority. You also create permanent visual reminders that can help trigger creative associations.

Some dreams are so vivid you can’t forget them but many are so fleeting they can vanish without a trace, so it is crucial you capture them as soon as you can. Immediately on waking, write down your dream or dreams – even if this is in the middle of the night; don’t brush your teeth first or leave it until your alarm clock goes off. If you do that, you’ll probably forget all about it and will lose a valuable dream.

When you write down your dreams abandon any attempt to be logical: dreams don’t speak to you logically. Dreams are not linear or rational. They speak to you in a timeless language of emotions and personal symbols. As you write them down be sure to write everything in the present tense as this helps you step back into the dream as if it were happening again.

If you just don’t think you have time to write down your dreams in the morning because mornings are always so rushed, set your alarm five or ten minutes early and remind yourself of the wealth of creative insight and guidance you might be missing out on. To save time just jot down some key words and feelings from your dreams.

Later in the day, you can transfer the information to a dream diary – one specifically set aside for your dreams. In this diary note down the date of your dream, any people involved, the moods and feelings expressed, prominent colors, numbers, or shapes, the problems and conflicts encountered, prominent symbols or stories, information about the dream landscape, whether it was past, present, or future, and, finally, how the dream ended or the story of the dream. Refer to the Dream Types given previously to see if you can identify which type of dream you had.

With practice you will soon get the hang of remembering and writing down your dreams. Writing down your dreams will also help you see them from an outsider’s perspective and make it easier for you to connect dream symbols to your waking life. Read what you have written and see if you can figure out what your dreams are trying to tell you. Remember, it is the personal association your dream symbols trigger that matters the most. Your dream mind wants to bring to your awareness whatever is unconsciously holding you back, so constantly remind yourself of the importance of what you are doing.

If something surfaces that makes you feel uncomfortable you always have the choice to make changes in your waking life. Just because you dream about something terrible does not mean it is going to happen. Your dreaming mind is simply using alarming imagery to alert your attention to aspects of yourself or your daily life which are blocking your chances of happiness. The more you deal with uncomfortable emotions in your daily life the less alarming your dreams are likely to be. In short, frightening dreams only tend to occur when you have issues and problems in your waking life that are triggering them.

Writing down your dreams creates a fascinating record of your dream life for you to look back on in the future to see if there were any connections you didn’t see at the time. Identifying these connections in hindsight can make it more likely you will now notice them in the present.

Finally, be sure to use the entries in the A–Z Reader section of this book to help you unlock the meaning of your dream themes and symbols. But never forget that the best book you will ever read about dreams is the one you write yourself – your dream journal.

Dream-maker

The dream was always running ahead of me. To catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.

– Anaïs Nin

Some dream experts believe it is possible to take charge of your dreams and turn them into creative and helpful experiences that can help solve problems in your waking life. To do this you have to get your waking mind to work more fully with your dreaming mind; you need to think about what problem or issue you want your dream to resolve. This is a process called dream incubation. You are becoming your own Oracle!

Step-by-step Guide to Dream Incubation

1. Decide what you want to dream about, what you want your dream to resolve or help you with, and what question you want answered.

2. Write down your question or desired dream on a piece of paper as if you were going to send it to a friend – because that’s what your dream self is. Be as specific as you can, but don’t ask about silly or trivial matters, such as ‘Should I send someone a Facebook friend invite?’

3. Read this over and over again during the day and keep it in your mind, during the day and again as you get ready for bed.

4. Once in bed, read over the question again and ask your dreaming self to bring you the answer during sleep. Put the paper under your pillow or right beside your bed so you can reach it easily.

5. Tell yourself before you go to sleep that you will have the dream you want and trust yourself to dream the dream that you ask for.

6. Tell yourself you will remember your dream. Be prepared to write down the dream when you wake up and be open to whatever comes to you.

7. Leave your dream intention to incubate. What you are doing here is programming your dreaming mind or self – giving it a particular task to focus on.

8. Stop thinking about your intention to dream. Let it go. Relax and calm your mind before you sleep and don’t stress about whether or not you are going to have a dream. You may not always want to ask your dreaming self a question; you may simply want a happy, harmonious dream. If this is the case, think of a place or person you’d like to dream about – perhaps a vacation or loved one – write down a simple description and ask your dreaming self in the same way to give you a happy, inspiring dream.

9. Be willing to keep trying and to experiment as long as it takes.

See what insights your dreams bring you, and if you find dream incubation productive and feel confident enough in the wisdom of your dreams, you may want to use your dreams to help others. Let someone you know and trust give you a question they want an answer to. Then dream on it for them. Tell them what symbols your dreaming mind came up with for them to see if it offers them any helpful insights.

Dream-catcher

What if you slept, and what if in your sleep you dreamed, and what if in your dream you went to heaven and there plucked a strange and beautiful flower, and what if when you awoke you had that flower in your hand? Ah, what then?

– Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Asking your dreaming mind to send you answers to questions you may have can offer you intriguing insights. It may also encourage you to take your fascination with your dreams to even greater heights with a technique known as lucid dreaming.

Lucid dreaming is the ability to know you are dreaming when you are actually dreaming. Once you are aware that you are dreaming you can then take control of your dream and what happens in it. For example, you can decide to fly or visit any place you want in your dream. It’s an incredible high! You can quite literally move mountains and change the world to suit you. Anything is possible.

Knowing you are dreaming is one of the most spectacular and surreal experiences. It is also empowering. You see, if you can choose what happens in your dreams this can give you the confidence to begin to explore hidden potential in your waking life.

Most people have at least one lucid dream during the course of their lives, but lucid dreaming on a regular basis is rare. Everyone can learn lucid dreaming, but it takes a lot of focus, time and practice. There are certain techniques you can learn. Keeping a dream journal is one of them, as is performing regular ‘Am I dreaming?’ reality checks during the day to confirm whether you are dreaming or awake. But how to increase the likelihood of lucid dreaming is the subject of a book in itself. (If you have questions about lucid dreaming, please get in contact with me: see here.)

Eyes Wide Shut

Dreams are not meant to put us to sleep but to awaken us.

– Camille Goemans

Whether you decide to practice dream incubation or not, remember that any dream you have has the potential to take you into a world of mystery and wonder that can keep you spellbound for days trying to understand it. The dream interpretations that follow will help you unravel some of the mystery – but never forget that you are the dreamer and you do the dreaming, and that, in understanding your dreams, you can reach a better understanding of yourself.

Use the explanations offered in the pages that follow for the interpretation of your dream symbols and combine them with your own circumstances to work out an understanding of the likely significance of your dreams. In this way, your innermost feelings, hopes, and fears can be highlighted, hopefully resolving issues in your waking life and enriching it by revealing your hidden strengths and creativity.

Dreams offer you an incredible opportunity to connect to your inner world to illuminate your waking life. They help reveal who you really are, and understanding their true meaning is the beginning of understanding yourself. In the words of Aristotle, ‘knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom’. So, take the time to enjoy the excitement, mystery, wonder, creativity, and pure magic each and every dream brings. Keep your eyes wide open by day and wide shut by night. Dare yourself to discover and believe in yourself and the beauty of your dreams – wherever they may lead you…