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NOTES
Оглавление1 Paul Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question, New York: Columbia University Press, 1968, 101-124.
2 See Pavlowitch, Yugoslavia, 175-187.
3 Lampe, Yugoslavia as History, 238. See also Marko Milovojević, ‘The role of the Yugoslav intelligence and security committee’, in John B. Allcock, John J. Horton and Marko Milovojević, Yugoslavia in transition, New York: Berg, 1992, 206-207. The UDBa (Uprava Državne Bezbednosti, or State Security Administration) was created in 1946 to replace the wartime security service, ozna (Odeljenje za Zaštitu Naroda, or Department for Protection of the People), also headed by Ranković.
4 On reconstruction, propaganda and the labour brigades, see Carol S. Lilly, Power and Persuasion. Ideology and Rhetoric in Communist Yugoslavia, 1944-1953, Boulder: Westview Press, 2001, especially 115-136; Carol S. Lilly, ‘Problems of Persuasion: Communist Agitation and Propaganda in Post-war Yugoslavia’, Slavic Review, 53, 1994, 2, 395-413.
5 This phrase was used in several speeches held during the summer of 1945, see e.g. Josip Broz Tito, Izgradnja nove Jugoslavije I, Beograd: Kultura, 1948 (collection of articles, speeches, interviews and declarations), e.g. 50, 69, 78, 81.
6 Josip Broz Tito, ‘Jugoslavija ne traži ništa drugo do ujedinjenje svojih naroda’, in Tito, Izgradnja nove Jugoslavije I, 22.
7 Žerjavić, Opsesije i megalomanije oko Jasenovca i Bleiburga, 15.
8 Vladeta Vučković, ‘Žrtve rata’, Naša Reč, 368, 1985, 2-3. Vučković’s account seems to hold some inaccuracies. He claims that he was preparing statistical material for the Peace conference in Paris in the spring of 1947, which should, obviously have been 1946.
9 Reparaciona komisija pri vladi Federativne Narodne Republike Jugoslavije, Ljudske i materijalne žrtve Jugoslavije u ratnom naporu 1941-1945, Belgrade, 1945, 5.
10 Josip Broz Tito, ‘Prvi govor u oslobođenom Zagrebu’, in Tito, Izgradnja nove Jugoslavije I, 13.
11 Ibid.
12 On Rupnik, see e.g. Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945. Occupation and Collaboration, 95-96, 122-126.
13 The concept of narod denotes people both in the sense of “the common citizens” or “the broad masses” and as an ethnic people, close to the German concept of “Volk”. In 1946, five groups were recognised as nations, or narod: Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians, each with a home republic in Yugoslavia, as opposed to narodnosti (nationalities), which were assumed to have a home country outside Yugoslavia. In 1968, the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Bosnia-Herzegovina stated that the Muslims were to be recognised as Yugoslavia’s sixth narod. See e.g. Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav national question, 114ff; Mustafa Imamović, Historija Bošnjaka, Sarajevo: Preporod, 1998, 565; Pedro Ramet, Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1963-1983, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984, 147.
14 Josip Broz Tito, ‘Prvi govor u oslobođenom Zagrebu’, in Tito, Izgradnja nove Jugoslavije I, 9.
15 Josip Broz Tito, ‘O Srbiji u narodno-oslobodilačkoj borbi’ in Tito, Izgradnja nove Jugoslavije I, 72.
16 Tito, ‘Jugoslavija ne traži …’, in Tito, Izgradnja nove Jugoslavije I, 23.
17 Zemaljska komisija Hrvatske za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača, Zločini u Logoru Jasenovac, Zagreb: Novinsko-izdavačko poduzeće ‘Naprijed’, 1946, 3.
18 Ibid, 25.
19 Ibid, 19.
20 Ibid, 58.
21 Ibid, 3.
22 Ibid, 38-39.
23 Ibid, 39.
24 Stella Alexander, Church and State in Yugoslavia since 1945, London: Cambridge University Press, 1979, 61f.
25 Izdajnik i ratni zločinac Draža Mihailović pred sudom. Stenografske Beleške i dokumenta sa suđenja Dragoljubu-Draži Mihailoviću, Beograd: Izdanje saveza udruženja novinara narodne republike Jugoslavije, 1946. Point 1-40, describing collaboration, attacks on Partisan units, support for the Germans, anti-Partisan propaganda, takes up pp. 17-53. The war crimes indictments, point 41-47, are covered on pp. 54-59.
26 Ibid, 56.
27 Ibid, 57.
28 Ibid, 9.
29 Ibid, 23.
30 Dokumenti o izdajstvu Draže Mihailovića, knjiga 1, Državna Komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača, Beograd, 1945, 5-6.
31 Ibid, 10.
32 Ibid, 501.
33 Izdajnik i ratni zločinac Draža Mihailović pred sudom, 61; Dokumenti o izdajstvu Draže Mihailovića, 11.
34 See Viktor Novak’s review ‘Istoriska građa u izdanjima Državne komisije za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača’ Istoriški Časopis, 1, 1948, 1-2, 335-337.
35 Stella Alexander, The Triple Myth. A life of Archbishop Stepinac, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987, 141.
36 Ibid, 166 (also 141).
37 Suđenje Lisaku, Stepincu, Šaliću i družini, ustaško-križarskim zločincima i njihovim pomagačima. Dokumenti o protunarodnom radu i zločinima jednog dijela katoličkog klera. Zagreb 1946. On the newspapers, see Alexander, The triple myth, 148. The trial was also covered in numerous newspapers outside Yugoslavia, largely perceived as a classic communist show trial, and Stepinac as a martyred religious leader.
38 The “pastoral letter” with the bishops’ protests are reprinted in Richard Pattee, The case of Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac, Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1953, 470-480. Pattee’s study is very pro-Catholic and overtly anti-communist.
39 Josip Broz Tito, ‘O pastirskom pismu’, from Borba, 25th October 1945, reprinted in Tito, Izgradnja nove Jugoslavije I, 169-172. See also Alexander, Church and State in Yugoslavia, 70-73.
40 Dokumenti o protunarodnom radu i zločinima jednog djela katoličkog klera, Zagreb: Rožankowski, 1946, 54.
41 Ibid, 66.
42 Ibid, 140, 124-180.
43 For a strongly anti-Catholic appreciation of the documents and Stepinac trial, see Viktor Novak’s review ‘Dokumenti o protunarodnom radu i zločinima jednog dijela katoličkog klera’ Istoriški Časopis, 1, 1948, 338-339.
44 See the letter from Molotov and Stalin to Tito and Kardelj, 4th May 1948, in Stephen Clissold, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union 1939-1973. A documentary survey, London: Oxford University Press, 1975, 183-197. Also in Ernest Halperin, The Triumphant Heretic. Tito’s struggle against Stalin, London: Heinemann, 1958, 66-67.
45 See e.g. Clissold, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, 202-207.
46 Höpken, ‘Von der Mythologisierung zur Stigmatisierung: “Krieg und Revolution” in Jugoslawien 1941-1948’, 175-176.
47 For an example of the Yugoslav communists’ defence of the national liberation war, see e.g. Kosta Popović, ‘Za pravilnu ocenu oslobodilačkog rata naroda Jugoslavije’, Komunist 1949, no. 3.
48 Pavlowitch, Yugoslavia, 213.
49 Ivo Banac, ‘Historiography of the countries of Eastern Europe: Yugoslavia’, American Historical Review, 97, 1992, 4, 1085-1086, quote from page 1085.
50 Josip Broz Tito, ‘Izvještaj na V kongresu KPJ’, in Josip Broz Tito, Izgradnja nove Jugoslavije III, Zagreb 1951, p. 187 f. The translation is not quite true to Tito’s words, as he used the word ‘narod’ to refer to the people, conveying both the idea of an ethnic group and of ordinary people, whereas he refers to the party representatives with the fairly neutral word ‘ljudi’ meaning people in the sense of a group of persons.
51 Ibid, 211.
52 See also Ljubodrag Dimić, ‘Od tvrdnje do znanja’, Vojnoistorijski Glasnik, 1996, 1-2, 203-205.
53 The speech is widely cited in Yugoslav historiography and, according to the ten year report and bibliography of the National Committee of Yugoslav Historians, accounts for the basic source on the beginning of the Second World War in Yugoslavia. Jorjo Tadić, ed., Dix années d’historiographie Yougoslave 1945-1955. Belgrade: “Jugoslavija”, 1955, 578. See also Đorđe Stanković and Ljubodrag Dimić, Istoriografija pod nadzorom. Prilozi istoriji istoriografije, Belgrade: Službeni List SRJ, 1996, vol. 1, 292-297.
