Читать книгу Crooked Letter, Crooked Letter von Tom Franklin. Königs Erläuterungen Spezial. - Tom Franklin, Patrick Neill Charles - Страница 10

3.3

Structure

SUMMARY

Crooked Letter, Crooked Letter is structured as a crime thriller: a crime occurs early in the narrative and the plot involves solving the crime. The novel is also concerned with events in the past, and so it is structured to include long passages of flashbacks to 25 years ago. Other structural elements which organise the plot and the characters include the use of symmetry to highlight both divisions and similarities. Here we will also look at the evolution of the friendship between Larry and Wallace as an organising structure in the novel.

The title

The concept of place – the idea of where you are, where you belong – and the actual physical location are important in the novel. Alice and Silas’ transition from the northern city of Chicago (the third largest city in the USA) to this tiny hamlet in rural Mississippi is a big deal: For the 13-year old Silas it’s a completely different world. The racial and social tensions and dynamics of rural Mississippi are not the same as in Chicago, a major northern city. And for Larry Ott, his notoriety as “Scary Larry” is greatly exacerbated by his location in a tiny community where everyone knows everyone else – a community he has never really left, with the exception of his short time in the military.

This idea of the central importance of place in the novel begins with the title. Taken from a children’s rhyme used as a mnemonic for the correct spelling of Mississippi (the crooked letter meaning the letter “s”), the title Crooked Letter immediately and firmly anchors the novel and our expectations in a specific place, namely the deep South, and gives it a specific frame of reference: Childhood.

The idea of belonging is a central theme in the novel, and the characters belong to this specific place in varying degrees. We have Larry, who has never left and is tied to a place where he is now a pariah, and Silas, who was conceived here, but who grew up far to the north before being brought back as a teenager, only to leave again, and return yet again as an adult. Alice’s inability to successfully leave this specific place behind her is an important device within the plot of the novel, a device which is used to bring Silas into the story, and to expose the secrets within Carl Ott’s past. The place, Chabot in Mississippi, won’t let people go: Larry can’t escape. Alice can’t escape. And Silas is dragged back twice, also unable to escape.

Chronology

The novel is concerned with the connected events of two different times – the year 1982 and the present day (presumably 2007, 25 years later). The narrative makes strong use of flashbacks, at times with entire chapters being set in the past (Chapters 3, 5 and 7) but also in shorter forms, with the central characters Larry and Silas remembering moments from their past and the events which drove them apart.

The extensive use of flashbacks means that the structure of the novel must be considered in two different ways. Firstly, there is the surface structure, the sequence of chapters and narrative, which moves back and forth in time and follows the demands of the plot and the creation and release of tension and suspense. Then there is the internal chronology, the actual sequence of events within the lives of the characters in the novel, beginning with the first meeting between Larry and Silas in March 1979. (There is of course another, older part of the story – the affair between Alice Jones and Carl Ott – which is only reconstructed after both have died, and which can be understood by the reader as a kind of lost or hidden prologue to the story.)

The frequent use of flashbacks not only means that the novel has two structures: It also means that events in the past are looked at from two perspectives, those of childhood and adulthood. Major events – such as Silas’s first and only visit to Larry’s home when they were boys – are approached carefully, in stages. When Silas goes to investigate the Ott farm after Larry’s shooting (pp. 85–95) there are brief mentions of his having been there before, and a lengthier description (pp. 87.20–88.10) of Silas’ recollections of that day. This event is seen later, in greater detail and with more emotional reflection, from the boys’ perspectives.

We see events from one chronological perspective – adult or child – and then from another. This is significant, because many of the greatest conflicts in the novel – in particular the guilt Larry feels for having called Silas “n****r” and the guilt Silas feels for having betrayed Larry by not speaking up about Cindy Walker – are hidden in the past, but have enormous consequences throughout the two men’s lives. One target the novel moves towards is the possible reconciliation between Larry and Silas, which requires both of them to re-evaluate events from 25 years ago, to reflect on the feelings and impressions from the time and to consider their changed circumstances and the different perspectives they now have as adults.

An example of how the two time frames interact

As an example of how the two time frames interact, we can look at the end of Chapter 4, the content of Chapter 5 and the beginning of Chapter 6. Chapter 4 is set in the present day and ends with Silas in his own home, having returned from investigating the crime scene at Larry’s home. Two things are important here at the end of the chapter. Most obviously significant is the message from Larry on Silas’ answer machine, a phone call made before he was shot. The second is less explicit but equally important: “In the closet, behind his two extra uniforms, where he wouldn’t have to look at it, was the Marlin lever-action .22 rifle.” (p. 96.21–23)

The chapter which follows is about the significance of this small detail. It describes the events leading up to the scene where Carl Ott forces Larry and Silas to fight for possession of the gun, the .22 Marlin. While it is Silas’ memory which is triggered in the present, we see this episode from the past from Larry’s perspective. The scene is of central importance for the entire book and for many of the themes – brothers, fathers and friends; guilt; race – and it is the single most important event in the course of Larry and Silas’ relationship. The chapter from the past is therefore introduced and given context by a guilty memory of Silas’ in the present day. This detour into the past is touched on again at the beginning of the next chapter when Silas acknowledges to himself that he used the event – Larry calling him “n****r” – as an excuse to avoid him (p. 121.11–13). The rifle also makes another appearance (p. 125.8–10). What we as readers don’t know yet is that this level of guilt and anger covers a much deeper and much more damaging guilt – Silas’ guilt at never having spoken up to save Larry from the suspicions surrounding Cindy Walker’s disappearance.

Symmetries

A fundamental organisational structure of the novel involves contrasting symmetries. This can be seen most significantly in the mirrored events of 1982 and the present day – the disappearances of local girls – and in the two central characters, brothers who are diametric opposites.

There are numerous other examples of symmetries throughout the book. One significant example is the way that Larry and Wallace both wear the zombie mask to scare one another. Larry uses it to frighten young Wallace when he is trespassing (pp. 195–6) and Wallace wears it when he ambushes and shoots Larry (p. 23).

LARRY	SILAS
White	Black
Shy and lonely	Gregarious and popular
Avid reader	Not a reader
Neither talented at or interested in sports	Gifted athlete, especially baseball
Single	In a relationship
Teetotal	Likes to drink
Country boy, knowledge of nature	City kid, knows nothing about wildlife
Raised by both parents	Single mother, father unknown
“Where Larry’s only visitors had been law enforcement officials …	… Silas had a stream.” (306.1–2)

As the two characters who flank Larry, Silas and Wallace are also related in a contrasting symmetry. Both are Larry’s friends. One white, one black, one a half-brother, the other a strange kind of symbolic shadow brother, Wallace and Silas embody the themes and ideas of the novel in their oppositional symmetry.

SILAS	WALLACE
Black	White
Gregarious and popular	Creepy and disliked
Single mother, father unknown	Single mother, father unknown
Destroys Larry’s life by concealing the truth about the night Cindy Walker disappeared.	Destroys Larry’s life by framing him for the murder of Tina Rutherford and shooting him.
Returns often to Larry’s home after the shooting – to investigate and to keep an eye on the place	Keeps returning to Larry’s home after having shot him (see 289.5–16)

The two missing girls, Cindy and Tina, also embody certain themes and ideas within the novel.

CINDY WALKER	TINA RUTHERFORD
Disappears, presumed murdered.	Disappears, presumed murdered.
Body never found – presumed murdered, but the killer is never officially identified.	Body discovered and murderer identified and killed.
Poor, considered “white trash”. Wants to leave school with Silas.	Privileged daughter of the region’s most prominent and wealthy family. Attends university.
Fully characterised in the novel. We meet her, see her interact with different characters and hear her speak. As a character, Cindy is as real to the reader as Silas or Larry.	Nothing but a name and a corpse. We never meet Tina nor ever hear her voice. She is missing and presumed dead from the beginning. Despite being the central focus of the crime thriller-plot of the novel (see the opening sentence) Tina is never “real” as a character.

Two central characters

Larry and Silas are the central characters of the novel. They both tell the story from their own perspective, narrating the past as well as the present. While Larry is the central figure in the novel, Silas is the more active agent: He investigates the crimes, he becomes increasingly drawn into Larry’s world, and, as the plot unfolds, we learn that he is also deeply involved in the issue of how Larry became what and who he is in the present. What also emerges is that these two central characters are in fact brothers.

The majority of the present day level of the novel is told from Silas’ perspective, not least because Larry spends most of the period in question – roughly two weeks from the shooting to the end of the novel – in a coma. In contrast, Chapters 5 and 7, describing the friendship between the boys and the fight over the gun (5) and the events surrounding the disappearance of Cindy Walker (7) are told from Larrys perspective. This is significant because it reinforces the impression we have of Larry as someone who is a prisoner of the past, someone who has been unable to break away from those events and who has been defined by them. Silas is a more active agent in the present day: He investigates, he interacts with people, he moves around. Larry is literally frozen in time – in a coma – for most of the present day narrative of the novel.

Suspense and foreshadowing