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Note to the Reader

The text of Piers quoted here is that of the Athlone edition, under the general editorship of George Kane. The commentary is keyed first of all to the C Version of the poem, then to the B. Latin quotations in the poem are cited by adding the letter “a” to the end of the line number. Pearsall’s revised edition matches the lineation of Athlone exactly. Schmidt’s lineation differs a little, but the quotation of the beginning and ending words of each passage commented upon will make reference to it easy. Skeat’s line numbering differs somewhat more; in the C version, add one to the Athlone passus number to arrive at Skeat’s passus number. References to lines of the A and B versions are specifically labeled with the letters A and B; references to C lines are generally not labeled. When reference is made to lines that fall in parallel passages of the versions, the references to parallel passages are enclosed within parentheses. Hence the notation “see 11.116–33 (B.10.176–221, A.11.128–64)” refers to passages that are closely parallel in the three versions; a notation such as “see 1.146–58 (B.1.148–62; cf. A.1.135–38)” indicates a substantive difference in the version preceded by “cf.”

Each passus of the poem in this installment, as in the others, is supplied with an introductory “Headnote” that summarizes the main features of the passus and treats matters relevant to the passus (or group of passūs) as a whole. I have been careful to provide divisions of the text as I understand the movement of the poem. These are usually preceded by a general, summary note; then follow notes on particular lines and passages. The discussion repeatedly encompasses larger units first, then moves to smaller ones, in a nested structure.

Translations from the Vulgate Bible are taken from the Douay-Rheims text (Challoner revision, itself slightly revised in 1899) in modernized spelling and punctuation (The Vulgate Bible, Douay-Rheims Translation, ed. Swift Edgar and Angela M. Kinney, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 6 vols., 2010–13), with slight adjustments when necessary. Douay references to I and II Kings correspond to I and II Samuel in the Authorized Version, III and IV Kings to AV’s I and II Kings, and Psalms 10–145 correspond to AV’s Psalms 11–146. Quotations from the Latin Vulgate generally follow the Sixto-Clementine text, as represented in the Dumbarton Oaks edition just cited. When biblical passages are parallel in the synoptic Gospels—Matthew, Mark, and Luke—I cite a single Gospel’s chapter and verse and add the notation “et synop.”

Except where otherwise noted, translations are mine.

The following special abbreviations are used:

Alford, Gloss.: John Alford, Piers Plowman: A Glossary of Legal Diction, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1988.

Alford, Quot.: John Alford, Piers Plowman: A Guide to the Quotations. Binghamton, N.Y.: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1992.

Anchor: The Anchor Bible. Doubleday, 1956–2006; Yale University Press, 2007—. Individual volumes are cited by the editor’s name, and listed under that name in Works Cited.

Brepols LLT-A: Brepols Publishers, Library of Latin Texts, Series A. Online at clt.brepolis.net.

CANTUS: CANTUS, a Database for Latin Ecclesiastical Chant. Online at cantusdatabase.org.

CCCM: Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis.

CCSL: Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina.

Concordance: Joseph S. Wittig, Piers Plowman: Concordance. London: Athlone, 2001.

CT: Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (cited by Group letter and line number). Chaucer’s poems are cited from The Riverside Chaucer, ed. Larry D. Benson et al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Abbreviated titles follow the list on p. 779 of that edition.

DML: Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources. Prepared by R. E. Latham under the direction of a committee appointed by the British Academy. London: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 1975–2013. Online at clt.brepolis.net.

DPR: De proprietatibus rerum. See Bartholomaeus in Works Cited.

Kane, Glossary: George Kane. Piers Plowman Glossary. London: Continuum, 2005.

L: Langland

Lewis & Short: Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879.

MED: The Middle English Dictionary. Ed. Hans Kurath et al. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1956–2001. Online at quod.lib.umich.edu.

OED: The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed., prepared by J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner. Oxford: Clarendon and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Online at oed.com.

PL: Patrologiae cursus completus … series latina. Ed. J.-P. Migne et al. 221 vols. Paris, 1844–64. Online at pld.chadwyck.com.

PP: Piers Plowman

ST: Summa theologica. See Aquinas in Works Cited.

Walther, Initia carminum: Hans Walther, Initia carminum ac versuum medii aevi posterioris latinorum. 2nd rev. ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1969.

Walther, Proverbia: Hans Walther, Proverbia sententiaeque latinitatis medii aevi. 5 vols. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1963–67.

Whiting: Bartlett Jere Whiting, with the Collaboration of Helen Wescott Whiting. Proverbs, Sentences, and Proverbial Phrases From English Writings Mainly Before 1500. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968.

YLS: Yearbook of Langland Studies

Citations of primary works are indicated by editor and year of publication, and so listed in Works Cited, except that works cited from the PL are identified by author and title and the volume and column of the PL. The major editions of Piers Plowman, with their prefaces and notes, and two translations are abbreviated as follows:

Donaldson: William Langland, Will’s Vision of Piers Plowman: An Alliterative Verse Translation by E. Talbot Donaldson. Ed. Elizabeth D. Kirk and Judith H. Anderson. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1990.

Economou: William Langland’s Piers Plowman, The C Version: A Verse Translation by George Economou. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

K-A: George Kane, ed. Piers Plowman: The A Version: Will’s Visions of Piers Plowman and Do-Well. London: Athlone, 1960. Cited is the Revised Edition (London: Athlone, 1988), with only slight revisions.

KD-B: George Kane and E. Talbot Donaldson, ed. Piers Plowman: The B Version: Will’s Visions of Piers Plowman, Do-Well, Do-Better and Do-Best. London: Athlone, 1975. Similarly, Revised Edition, 1988.

RK-C: George Russell and George Kane, ed. Piers Plowman: The C Version: Will’s Visions of Piers Plowman, Do-Well, Do-Better and Do-Best. London: Athlone, 1997.

Pearsall: Derek Pearsall, ed. William Langland: Piers Plowman, A New Annotated Edition of the C-Text. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2008. Occasional reference is made also to the original edition, Edward Arnold, 1978, reissued with corrections by the University of Exeter Press, 1994.

Schmidt: A. V. C. Schmidt, ed. Piers Plowman: A Parallel-Text Edition of the A, B, C and Z Versions. Volume I, Text. Second ed., Kalamazoo: Western Michigan University, Medieval Institute Publications, 2011. Volume II, Part 1, Introduction and Textual Notes; Volume II, Part 2, Commentary, Bibliography and Indexical Glossary. Kalamazoo: Western Michigan University, Medieval Institute Publications, 2011. Occasional reference is made also to Schmidt’s earlier William Langland: The Vision of Piers Plowman: A Critical Edition of the B-Text (whose text is identical to the B text in the Parallel Text Edition). 2nd ed., Everyman, London: Dent, 1995.

Skeat: Walter W. Skeat, ed. The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman in Three Parallel Texts. 2 Vols. London: Oxford University Press, 1886; with addition of Bibliography, 1954.

Skeat EETS: The Vision of William concerning Piers Plowman, together with Vita de Dowel, Dobet, and Dobest, and Richard the Redeles, by William Langland. Ed. Walter W. Skeat. Part Four: General Preface, Notes, and Indexes. London: Published for the Early English Text Society by N. Trübner & Co. 1885. EETS, original series 81).