Читать книгу The 2010 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 483

Flag description:

a blue field with 12 five-pointed gold stars arranged in a circle in the center; blue represents the sky of the Western world, the stars are the peoples of Europe in a circle, a symbol of unity; the number of stars is fixed

National anthem:

name: "Ode to Joy""

lyrics/music: none/Ludwig VON BEETHOVEN, arranged by Herbert VON KARAJAN

note: adopted 1972, not in use until 1986; according to the European Union, the song is meant to represent all of Europe rather than just the organization; the song also serves as the anthem for the Council of Europe

Economy ::European Union

Economy - overview:

Internally, the EU has abolished trade barriers, adopted a common currency, and is striving toward convergence of living standards. Internationally, the EU aims to bolster Europe's trade position and its political and economic power. Because of the great differences in per capita income among member states (from $7,000 to $78,000) and in national attitudes toward issues like inflation, debt, and foreign trade, the EU faces difficulties in devising and enforcing common policies. In the wake of the global economic crisis, the European Commission projected that the EU's economy would shrink by 4% in 2009 and 0.1% in 2010. The EU has recovered from the crisis faster than expected, however, and the Commission estimates 2010 growth at 1.8%. Significant risks to growth nevertheless remain, including, high official debts and deficits, aging populations, over-regulation of non-financial businesses, and doubts about the sustainability of European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). In June 2010, prompted by the Greek financial crisis, the EU and the IMF set up a $1 trillion bailout fund to rescue any EMU member in danger of default, but it has not calmed market jitters that have diminished the value of the euro. Eleven established EU member states introduced the euro as their common currency on 1 January 1999 (Greece did so two years later), but the UK and Denmark have 'opt-outs' that allow them to keep their national currencies, and Sweden has not taken the steps needed to participate. Between 2004 and 2007, the EU admitted 12 countries that are, in general, less advanced economically than the other 15. Of the 12 most recent member states, only Slovenia (1 January 2007), Cyprus and Malta (1 January 2008), Slovakia (1 January 2009), and Estonia (1 January 2011) have adopted the euro; the remaining states other than the UK and Denmark are legally required to adopt the currency upon meeting EU's fiscal and monetary convergence criteria.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$14.89 trillion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 1 $14.64 trillion (2009 est.)

$15.27 trillion (2008 est.)

note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):

$15.9 trillion (2010 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

1.7% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 160 −4% (2009 est.)

0.6% (2008 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$32,900 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 42 $32,400 (2009 est.)

$33,900 (2008 est.)

note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 1.8%

industry: 25.2%

services: 72.9% (2010 est.)

Labor force:

225.2 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 3

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 5.6%

industry: 27.7%

services: 66.7% (2007 est.)

Unemployment rate:

9.5% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 104 9% (2009 est.)

Population below poverty line:

note - see individual country entries of member states

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 2.9%

highest 10%: 25.6% (2002 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

31 (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 106 31.2 (1996 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):

18.6% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

1.7% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 47 1.8% (2009 est.)

Central bank discount rate:

1.75% (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 121 3% (31 December 2008)

note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

7.52% (31 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 110 8.58% (31 December 2008 est.)

Stock of narrow money:

$5.542 trillion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 2 $5.649 trillion (31 December 2007)

note: this is the quantity of money, M1, for the euro area, converted into US dollars at the exchange rate for the date indicated; it excludes the stock of money carried by non-euro-area members of the European Union

Stock of broad money:

$11.17 trillion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 4 $10.83 trillion (31 December 2007 est.)

note: this is the quantity of quasi money, M2-M1, for the euro area, converted into US dollars at the exchange rate for the date indicated; it excludes the stock of quasi money carried by non-euro-area members of the European Union

Stock of domestic credit:

$22.65 trillion (31 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 2 $21.24 trillion (31 December 2008 est.)

note: this figure refers to the euro area only; it excludes credit data for non-euro-area members of the EU

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$NA (31 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 2 $7.564 trillion (31 December 2008)

$15.57 trillion (31 December 2007 est.)

Agriculture - products:

wheat, barley, oilseeds, sugar beets, wine, grapes; dairy products, cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry; fish

Industries:

among the world's largest and most technologically advanced, the EU industrial base includes: ferrous and non-ferrous metal production and processing, metal products, petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportation equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles, construction equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding, electrical power equipment, machine tools and automated manufacturing systems, electronics and telecommunications equipment, fishing, food and beverage processing, furniture, paper, textiles, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:

3.8% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 90

Electricity - production:

3.08 trillion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 3

Electricity - consumption:

2.906 trillion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 3

Electricity - exports:

NA kWh

Electricity - imports:

NA kWh

Oil - production:

2.383 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 13

Oil - consumption:

13.68 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 2

Oil - exports:

2.196 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 7

Oil - imports:

8.613 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 2

Oil - proved reserves:

5.414 billion bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 25

Natural gas - production:

181.6 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 4

Natural gas - consumption:

489.4 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 2

Natural gas - exports:

NA cu m

Natural gas - imports:

NA cu m

Natural gas - proved reserves:

2.242 trillion cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 18

Current account balance: