Читать книгу The 2010 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 525

Environment - current issues:

air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:

long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain

People ::Finland

Population:

5,255,068 (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 112

Age structure:

0–14 years: 16.4% (male 438,425/female 422,777)

15–64 years: 66.8% (male 1,773,495/female 1,732,792)

65 years and over: 16.8% (male 357,811/female 524,975) (2010 est.)

Median age:

total: 42.3 years

male: 40.7 years

female: 44 years (2010 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.084% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 187

Birth rate:

10.37 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 188

Death rate:

10.15 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 55

Net migration rate:

0.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 60

Urbanization:

urban population: 63% of total population (2008)

rate of urbanization: 0.8% annual rate of change (2005–10 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 3.45 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 213 male: 3.75 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 3.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 79.13 years country comparison to the world: 39 male: 75.64 years

female: 82.76 years (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.73 children born/woman (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 165

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

less than 0.1% (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

2,400 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

fewer than 100 (2003 est.) country comparison to the world: 146

Nationality:

noun: Finn(s)

adjective: Finnish

Ethnic groups:

Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)

Religions:

Lutheran Church of Finland 82.5%, Orthodox Church 1.1%, other

Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 15.1% (2006)

Languages:

Finnish 91.2% (official), Swedish 5.5% (official), other 3.3% (small

Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2007)

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 100%

male: 100%

female: 100% (2000 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):

total: 17 years

male: 17 years

female: 18 years (2008)

Education expenditures:

5.4% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 51

Government ::Finland

Country name:

conventional long form: Republic of Finland

conventional short form: Finland

local long form: Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland

local short form: Suomi/Finland

Government type:

republic

Capital:

name: Helsinki

geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions:

20 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen,

singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa

(Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South

Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish)

[South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish)

[South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish);

Ita-Uusimaa (Finnish), Ostra Nyland (Swedish) [East Newland]; Kainuu

(Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish),

Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi

(Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland];

Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish),

Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland

(Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere];

Osterbotten (Swedish), Pohjanmaa (Finnish) [Ostrobothnia];

Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia];

Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North

Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish)

[North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish),

Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga

Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]

Independence:

6 December 1917 (from Russia)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

Constitution:

1 March 2000

Legal system:

civil law system based on Swedish law; the president may request the Supreme Court to review laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Mari KIVINIEMI (since 22 June 2010); Deputy Prime Minister Jyrki KATAINEN (since 19 April 2007)

cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to parliament (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 January 2006 (next to be held in January 2012); the president appoints the prime minister and deputy prime minister from the majority party or the majority coalition after parliamentary elections and the parliament must approve the appointment; Prime Minister VANHANEN reelected on 17 April 2007

election results: percent of vote - Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 46.3%, Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 24.1%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 18.6%, Heidi HAUTALA (VIHR) 3.5%; a runoff election between HALONEN and NIINISTO was held 29 January 2006 - HALONEN 51.8%, NIINISTO 48.2%; Matti VANHANEN reelected prime minister; election results 121–71

note: government coalition - Kesk, KOK, VIHR, and SFP

Legislative branch:

unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held on 18 March 2007 (next to be held in April 2011)

election results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 23.1%, Kok 22.3%, SDP 21.4%, VAS 8.8%, VIHR 8.5%, KD 4.9%, SFP 4.5%, True Finns 4.1%, other 3.4%; seats by party - Kesk 51, Kok 50, SDP 45, VAS 17, VIHR 15, SFP 9, KD 7, True Finns 5, other 1 (the constituency of Aland)

Judicial branch:

general courts - deal with criminal and civil cases (include district courts, Courts of Appeal, and the Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus, whose judges are appointed by the president); administrative courts

Political parties and leaders:

Center Party or Kesk [Mari KIVINIEMI]; Christian Democrats or KD

[Paivi RASANEN]; Green Party or VIHR [Anni SINNEMAKI]; Left Alliance

or VAS [Paavo ARHINMAKI]; National Coalition Party or Kok [Jyrki

KATAINEN]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Jutta URPILAINEN];

Swedish People's Party or SFP [Stefan WALLIN]; True Finns [Timo

SOINI]

International organization participation:

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council,

Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU,

FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA,

IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU,

ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD,

OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD,

UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO,

WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Pekka LINTU

chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 298–5800