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Government British Indian Ocean Territory

Country name:

conventional long form: British Indian Ocean Territory

conventional short form: none

abbreviation: BIOT

Dependency status:

overseas territory of the UK; administered by a commissioner,

resident in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London

Legal system:

the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Executive branch:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

head of government: Commissioner Tony CROMBIE (since January 2004);

Administrator Tony HUMPHRIES (since February 2005); note - both

reside in the UK

cabinet: NA

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and

administrator appointed by the monarch

Diplomatic representation in the US:

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:

white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is

in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm

tree and yellow crown centered on the outer half of the flag

Economy British Indian Ocean Territory

Economy - overview:

All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of

Diego Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located.

Construction projects and various services needed to support the

military installations are done by military and contract employees

from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. There are no

industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. When the Ilois

return, they plan to reestablish sugarcane production and fishing.

Electricity - production:

NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by the US military

Electricity - consumption:

NA kWh

Communications British Indian Ocean Territory

Telephones - main lines in use:

Telephone system:

general assessment: separate facilities for military and public

needs are available

domestic: all commercial telephone services are available, including

connection to the Internet

international: international telephone service is carried by

satellite (2000)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:

Television broadcast stations:

1 (1997)

Televisions:

Internet country code:

.io

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

1 (2000)

Transportation British Indian Ocean Territory

Highways:

total: NA km

paved: short section of paved road between port and airfield on

Diego Garcia

unpaved: NA km

Ports and harbors:

Diego Garcia

Airports:

1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military British Indian Ocean Territory

Military - note:

defense is the responsibility of the UK; the US lease on Diego

Garcia expires in 2016

Transnational Issues British Indian Ocean Territory

Disputes - international:

Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago and its

former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in Mauritius, but in 2001

were granted UK citizenship and the right to repatriation since

eviction in 1965; the UK resists the Chagossians' demand for an

immediate return to the islands; repatriation is complicated by the

exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricts access to

the largest island in the chain

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@British Virgin Islands

Introduction British Virgin Islands

Background:

First settled by the Dutch in 1648, the islands were annexed in

1672 by the English. The economy is closely tied to the larger and

more populous US Virgin Islands to the west; the US dollar is the

legal currency.

Geography British Virgin Islands

Location:

Caribbean, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean,

east of Puerto Rico

Geographic coordinates:

18 30 N, 64 30 W

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

total: 153 sq km

land: 153 sq km

water: 0 sq km

note: comprised of 16 inhabited and more than 20 uninhabited

islands; includes the island of Anegada

Area - comparative:

about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

80 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:

subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds

Terrain:

coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Sage 521 m

Natural resources:

NEGL

Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 6.67% other: 73.33% (2001)

Irrigated land:

Natural hazards:

hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)

Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources (except for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola, most of the islands' water supply comes from wells and rainwater catchments)

Geography - note: strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

People British Virgin Islands

Population:

22,643 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:

0–14 years: 21% (male 2,400/female 2,358)

15–64 years: 73.9% (male 8,607/female 8,115)

65 years and over: 5.1% (male 614/female 549) (2005 est.)

Median age:

total: 30.9 years

male: 31.1 years

female: 30.7 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.06% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:

14.96 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:

4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:

10.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 18.05 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 21.02 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 14.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 76.49 years

male: 75.41 years

female: 77.62 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.72 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

Nationality: noun: British Virgin Islander(s) adjective: British Virgin Islander

Ethnic groups:

black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed

Religions:

Protestant 86% (Methodist 33%, Anglican 17%, Church of God 9%,

Seventh-Day Adventist 6%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other

15%), Roman Catholic 10%, none 2%, other 2% (1991)

Languages:

English (official)

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97.8% (1991 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Government British Virgin Islands

Country name:

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: British Virgin Islands

abbreviation: BVI

Dependency status:

overseas territory of the UK; internal self-governing

Government type:

Capital:

Road Town

Administrative divisions:

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Independence:

none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:

Territory Day, 1 July

Constitution:

1 June 1977

Legal system:

English law

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),

represented by Governor Tom MACAN (since 14 October 2002)

head of government: Chief Minister Orlando D. SMITH (since 17 June

2003)

cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of

the Legislative Council

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by

the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the

majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually

appointed chief minister by the governor

Legislative branch:

unicameral Legislative Council (13 seats; members are elected by

direct popular vote, one member from each of 9 electoral districts,

four at-large members; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 16 May 2003 (next to be held NA 2007)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -

NDP 8, VIP 5

Judicial branch:

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the High Court of

Justice and the Court of Appeal (one judge of the Supreme Court is a

resident of the islands and presides over the High Court);

Magistrate's Court; Juvenile Court; Court of Summary Jurisdiction

Political parties and leaders:

Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn SMITH]; National

Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United Party or UP [Gregory

MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T. O'NEAL]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

International organization participation:

Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), IOC, OECS

(associate), UNESCO (associate), UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:

blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and

the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the

flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a

vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin

word VIGILATE (Be Watchful)

Economy British Virgin Islands

Economy - overview:

The economy, one of the most stable and prosperous in the

Caribbean, is highly dependent on tourism, generating an estimated

45% of the national income. An estimated 350,000 tourists, mainly

from the US, visited the islands in 1998. Tourism suffered in 2002

because of the lackluster US economy. In the mid-1980s, the

government began offering offshore registration to companies wishing

to incorporate in the islands, and incorporation fees now generate

substantial revenues. Roughly 400,000 companies were on the offshore

registry by yearend 2000. The adoption of a comprehensive insurance

law in late 1994, which provides a blanket of confidentiality with

regulated statutory gateways for investigation of criminal offenses,

is expected to make the British Virgin Islands even more attractive

to international business. Livestock raising is the most important

agricultural activity; poor soils limit the islands' ability to meet

domestic food requirements. Because of traditionally close links

with the US Virgin Islands, the British Virgin Islands has used the

dollar as its currency since 1959.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$2.498 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

1% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $38,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1.8% industry: 6.2% services: 92% (1996 est.)

Labor force:

12,770 (2004)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:

3% (1995)

Population below poverty line:

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

2.5% (2003)

Budget:

revenues: $121.5 million

expenditures: $115.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA

(1997)

Agriculture - products:

fruits, vegetables; livestock, poultry; fish

Industries:

tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block,

offshore financial center

Industrial production growth rate:

NA%

Electricity - production:

36.28 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

33.74 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:

0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:

420 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:

Oil - imports:

Exports:

$25.3 million (2002)

Exports - commodities:

rum, fresh fish, fruits, animals; gravel, sand

Exports - partners:

Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Imports:

$187 million (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:

building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery

Imports - partners:

Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Debt - external:

$36.1 million (1997)

Economic aid - recipient:

Currency (code):

US dollar (USD)

Currency code:

USD

Exchange rates:

the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

Communications British Virgin Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:

11,700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

8,000 (2002)

Telephone system: general assessment: worldwide telephone service domestic: NA international: country code - 1–284; submarine cable to Bermuda

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:

9,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

1 (plus one cable company) (1997)

Televisions:

4,000 (1997)

Internet country code:

.vg

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

16 (2000)

Internet users:

4,000 (2002)

Transportation British Virgin Islands

Highways: total: 177 km paved: 177 km unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Ports and harbors:

Road Town

Merchant marine: total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 83,825 GRT/155,909 DWT by type: cargo 1 registered in other countries: 7 (2005)

Airports: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military British Virgin Islands

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues British Virgin Islands

Disputes - international:

none

Illicit drugs:

transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the

US and Europe; large offshore financial center makes it vulnerable

to money laundering

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@Brunei

Introduction Brunei

Background:

The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and

17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of

northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei subsequently

entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal

succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. In

1888, Brunei became a British protectorate; independence was

achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six

centuries. Brunei benefits from extensive petroleum and natural gas

fields, the source of one of the highest per capita GDPs in the

developing world.

Geography Brunei

Location:

Southeastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia

Geographic coordinates:

4 30 N, 114 40 E

Map references:

Southeast Asia

Area:

total: 5,770 sq km

land: 5,270 sq km

water: 500 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than Delaware

Land boundaries: total: 381 km border countries: Malaysia 381 km

Coastline: 161 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median line

Climate:

tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Terrain:

flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m

Natural resources:

petroleum, natural gas, timber

Land use: arable land: 0.57% permanent crops: 0.76% other: 98.67% (2001)

Irrigated land:

10 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:

typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare

Environment - current issues:

seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:

close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and

Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost

an enclave of Malaysia

People Brunei

Population:

372,361 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:

0–14 years: 28.6% (male 54,342/female 52,084)

15–64 years: 68.4% (male 134,908/female 119,814)

65 years and over: 3% (male 5,301/female 5,912) (2005 est.)

Median age:

total: 27.04 years

male: 27.63 years

female: 26.4 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.9% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:

19.01 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:

3.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:

3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 1.13 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female

total population: 1.09 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 12.61 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 15.93 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 9.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 74.8 years

male: 72.36 years

female: 77.36 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.3 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

less than 200 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:

noun: Bruneian(s)

adjective: Bruneian

Ethnic groups:

Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%

Religions:

Muslim (official) 67%, Buddhist 13%, Christian 10%, indigenous

beliefs and other 10%

Languages:

Malay (official), English, Chinese

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 93.9%

male: 96.3%

female: 91.4% (2002)

Government Brunei

Country name:

conventional long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam

conventional short form: Brunei

Government type:

constitutional sultanate

Capital:

Bandar Seri Begawan

Administrative divisions:

4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and

Muara, Temburong, Tutong

Independence:

1 January 1984 (from UK)

National holiday:

National Day, 23 February (1984); note - 1 January 1984 was the

date of independence from the UK, 23 February 1984 was the date of

independence from British protection

Constitution:

29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of

Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1

January 1984)

Legal system:

based on English common law; for Muslims, Islamic Shari'a law

supersedes civil law in a number of areas

Suffrage:

none

Executive branch:

chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah

(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of

state and head of government

head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah

(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of

state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by

the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a

Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on

religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the

monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of

Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the

succession to the throne if the need arises

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Legislative branch:

Legislative Council met on 25 September 2004 for first time in 20

years with 21 members appointed by the Sultan; passed constitutional

amendments calling for a 45-seat council with 15 elected members;

Sultan dissolved council on 1 September 2005 and appointed a new

council with 29 members as of 2 September 2005

elections: last held in March 1962 (date of next election NA)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (chief justice and judges are sworn in by the monarch

for three-year terms)

Political parties and leaders:

National Development Party (NDP) [Yassin AFFENDI]; National Unity

Party of Brunei (PPKB) [leader NA]; People's Awareness Party (PAKAR)

[leader NA]

note: parties are small and inactive (2005)

Political pressure groups and leaders:

International organization participation:

APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, C, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFRCS, IMF,

IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN,

UNCTAD, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Pengiran Anak Dato PUTEH

chancery: 3520 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 237–1838

FAX: [1] (202) 885–0560

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Emil SKODON

embassy: Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri

Begawan

mailing address: PSC 470 (BSB), FPO AP 96507

telephone: [673] (2) 229670

FAX: [673] (2) 225293

Flag description:

yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width)

and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in

red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a

swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned

crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands

Economy Brunei

Economy - overview:

This small, well-to-do economy encompasses a mixture of foreign and

domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation, welfare measures,

and village tradition. Crude oil and natural gas production account

for nearly half of GDP. Per capita GDP is far above most other Third

World countries, and substantial income from overseas investment

supplements income from domestic production. The government provides

for all medical services and free education through the university

level and subsidizes rice and housing. Brunei's leaders are

concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy

will undermine internal social cohesion, although it became a more

prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 APEC (Asian

Pacific Economic Cooperation) forum. Plans for the future include

upgrading the labor force, reducing unemployment, strengthening the

banking and tourist sectors, and, in general, further widening the

economic base beyond oil and gas.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$6.842 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

3.2% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $23,600 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 5%

industry: 45%

services: 50% (2001 est.)

Labor force:

158,000

note: includes foreign workers and military personnel; temporary

residents make up about 40% of labor force (2002 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture, forestry, and fishing 10%, production of oil, natural

gas, services, and construction 42%, government 48% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:

3.2% (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

0.3% (2003 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $4.9 billion

expenditures: $4.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.35

billion (2003 est.)

Agriculture - products:

rice, vegetables, fruits, chickens, water buffalo

Industries:

petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction

Industrial production growth rate:

5% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:

2.458 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

2.286 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:

204,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:

13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:

199,000 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:

Oil - proved reserves:

1.255 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:

10.35 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

1.35 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

315 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Exports:

$7.7 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:

crude oil, natural gas, refined products

Exports - partners:

Japan 38.1%, South Korea 14%, Australia 11.2%, US 8.6%, Thailand

7.9%, Indonesia 5.9%, China 4.5% (2004)

Imports:

$5.2 billion c.i.f. (2003)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,

chemicals

Imports - partners:

Singapore 32.7%, Malaysia 21.2%, UK 8.3%, Japan 7.2% (2004)

Debt - external:

Economic aid - recipient:

Currency (code):

Bruneian dollar (BND)

Currency code:

BND

Exchange rates:

Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422 (2003),

1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Brunei

Telephones - main lines in use:

90,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

137,000 (2002)

Telephone system:

general assessment: service throughout the country is excellent;

international service is good to East Asia, Europe, and the US

domestic: every service available

international: country code - 673; satellite earth stations - 2

Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean); digital submarine

cable links to Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore (2001)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 3, FM 10, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:

329,000 (1998)

Television broadcast stations:

2 (1997)

Televisions:

201,900 (1998)

Internet country code:

.bn

Internet hosts:

6,409 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

2 (2000)

Internet users:

35,000 (2002)

Transportation Brunei

Highways: total: 2,525 km paved: 2,525 km unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Waterways:

209 km (navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m) (2004)

Pipelines:

gas 665 km; oil 439 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:

Lumut, Muara, Seria

Merchant marine:

total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 465,937 GRT/413,393 DWT

by type: liquefied gas 8

foreign-owned: 8 (United Kingdom 8) (2005)

Airports:

2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 1

over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Heliports:

3 (2004 est.)

Military Brunei

Military branches:

Royal Brunei Armed Forces: Royal Brunei Land Forces, Royal Brunei

Navy, Royal Brunei Air Force

Military service age and obligation:

18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 18–49: 103,885 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 18–49: approx. 85,045 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:

males: 3,478 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:

$290.7 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

5.1% (2004)

Transnational Issues Brunei

Disputes - international:

in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their

disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have

stalemated prompting consideration of international legal

adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is

in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone

encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but

makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002

"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has

eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally

binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants

Illicit drugs:

drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled substances are

serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory death penalty

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Bulgaria

Introduction Bulgaria

Background:

The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local

Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first

Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with

the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the

end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman

Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of

Bulgaria became independent in 1908. Having fought on the losing

side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of

influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist

domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty

election since World War II and began the contentious process of

moving toward political democracy and a market economy while

combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. Today,

reforms and democratization keep Bulgaria on a path toward eventual

integration into the EU. The country joined NATO in 2004.

Geography Bulgaria

Location:

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and

Turkey

Geographic coordinates:

43 00 N, 25 00 E

Map references:

Europe

Area:

total: 110,910 sq km

land: 110,550 sq km

water: 360 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly larger than Tennessee

Land boundaries:

total: 1,808 km

border countries: Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km,

Serbia and Montenegro 318 km, Turkey 240 km

Coastline:

354 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:

temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

Terrain:

mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Musala 2,925 m

Natural resources:

bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land

Land use: arable land: 40.02% permanent crops: 1.92% other: 58.06% (2001)

Irrigated land:

8,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:

earthquakes, landslides

Environment - current issues:

air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw

sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from

air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy

metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental

Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Geography - note:

strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes

from Europe to Middle East and Asia

People Bulgaria

Population:

7,450,349 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:

0–14 years: 14.1% (male 539,005/female 512,762)

15–64 years: 68.7% (male 2,516,368/female 2,599,524)

65 years and over: 17.2% (male 531,008/female 751,682) (2005 est.)

Median age:

total: 40.66 years

male: 38.59 years

female: 42.66 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:

−0.89% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:

9.66 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:

14.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:

−4.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 20.55 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 24.31 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 16.56 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 72.03 years

male: 68.41 years

female: 75.87 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.38 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

less than 0.1% - note - no country specific models provided (2001

est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

346 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

100 (2001 est.)

Nationality:

noun: Bulgarian(s)

adjective: Bulgarian

Ethnic groups:

Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including

Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)

Religions:

Bulgarian Orthodox 82.6%, Muslim 12.2%, other Christian 1.2%, other

4% (2001 census)

Languages:

Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified

1.8% (2001 census)

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98.6%

male: 99.1%

female: 98.2% (2003 est.)

Government Bulgaria

Country name:

conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria

conventional short form: Bulgaria

Government type:

parliamentary democracy

Capital:

Sofia

Administrative divisions:

28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas,

Dobrich, Gabrovo, Khaskovo, Kurdzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana,

Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen,

Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofiya, Sofiya-Grad, Stara Zagora,

Turgovishte, Varna, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol

Independence:

3 March 1878 (as an autonomous principality within the Ottoman

Empire); 22 September 1908 (complete independence from the Ottoman

Empire)

National holiday:

Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)

Constitution:

adopted 12 July 1991

Legal system:

civil law and criminal law based on Roman law; accepts compulsory

ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Georgi PURVANOV (since 22 January 2002);

Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)

head of government: Prime Minister Sergei STANISHEV (since 16 August

2005); Deputy Prime Minister Ivaylo KALFIN (since 16 August 2005)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and

elected by the National Assembly

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 11 and 18

November 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); chairman of the Council of

Ministers (prime minister) nominated by the president and elected by

the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime

minister and elected by the National Assembly

election results: Georgi PURVANOV elected president; percent of vote

- Georgi PURVANOV 54.13%, Petar STOYANOV 45.87%; Sergei STANISHEV

elected prime minister, result of legislative vote - 168 to 67

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sobranie (240 seats;

members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 25 June 2005 (next to be held June 2009)

election results: percent of vote by party - CfB 31.1%, NMS2 19.9%,

MRF 12.7%, ATAKA 8.2%, UDF 7.7%, DSB 6.5%, BPU 5.2%; seats by party

- CfB 83, NMS2 53, MRF 33, ATAKA 21, UDF 20, DSB 17, BPU 13

Judicial branch:

Supreme Administrative Court; Supreme Court of Cassation;

Constitutional Court (12 justices appointed or elected for nine-year

terms); Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the

two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 other members;

responsible for appointing the justices, prosecutors, and

investigating magistrates in the justice system; members of the

Supreme Judicial Council elected for five-year terms, 11 elected by

the National Assembly and 11 by bodies of the judiciary)

Political parties and leaders:

Attack National Union [Volen Siderov]; ATAKA (Attack Coalition)

(coalition of parties headed by the Attack National Union);

Bulgarian Agrarian National Union-People's Union or BANU [Anastasia

MOZER]; Bulgarian People's Union or BPU (coalition of UFD, IMRO, and

BANU); Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV];

Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB (coalition of parties dominated by

BSP) [Sergei STANISHEV]; Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB

[Ivan KOSTOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or

IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]; Movement for Rights and Freedoms or

MRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II or NMS2 [Simeon

SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA]; New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Union of Democratic

Forces or UDF [Nadezhda MIKHAYLOVA]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD

[Stefan SOFIYANSKI]; United Democratic Forces or UtDF (a coalition

of center-right parties dominated by UDF)

Political pressure groups and leaders:

Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB;

Podkrepa Labor Confederation; numerous regional, ethnic, and

national interest groups with various agendas

International organization participation:

ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EU

(applicant), FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC,

IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,

ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA,

UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU

(associate affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Elena B. POPTODOROVA

chancery: 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 387–0174

FAX: [1] (202) 234–7973

consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York

consulate(s): Los Angeles

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador James William PARDEW

embassy: 16 Kozyak Street, Sofia 1407

mailing address: American Embassy Sofia, Department of State, 5740

Sofia Place, Washington, DC 20521–5740

telephone: [359] (2) 937–5100

FAX: [359] (2) 937–5230

Flag description:

three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; note -

the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe,

has been removed

Economy Bulgaria

Economy - overview:

Bulgaria, a former communist country striving to enter the European

Union, has experienced macroeconomic stability and strong growth

since a major economic downturn in 1996 led to the fall of the then

socialist government. As a result, the government became committed

to economic reform and responsible fiscal planning. Minerals,

including coal, copper, and zinc play an important role in industry.

In 1997, macroeconomic stability was reinforced by the imposition of

a fixed exchange rate of the lev against the German D-mark and the

negotiation of an IMF standby agreement. Low inflation and steady

progress on structural reforms improved the business environment;

Bulgaria has averaged 4% growth since 2000 and has begun to attract

significant amounts of foreign direct investment. Corruption in the

public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of

organized crime remain the largest challenges for Bulgaria.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$61.63 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

5.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $8,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 11.5% industry: 30.1% services: 58.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 3.398 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 11%, industry 32.7%, services 56.3% (3rd quarter 2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:

12.7% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:

13.4% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.5% highest 10%: 22.8% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

26.4 (2001)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

6.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):

18.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $9.67 billion

expenditures: $9.619 billion, including capital expenditures of NA

(2004 est.)

Public debt:

41.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:

vegetables, fruits, tobacco, livestock, wine, wheat, barley,

sunflowers, sugar beets

Industries:

electricity, gas and water; food, beverages and tobacco; machinery

and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined

petroleum, nuclear fuel

Industrial production growth rate:

5.2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:

43.07 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 47.8% hydro: 8.1% nuclear: 44.1% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

32.71 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:

8.3 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:

960 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:

603 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:

94,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:

Oil - imports:

Oil - proved reserves:

8.1 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:

4 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

5.804 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

5.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

3.724 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:

$682.9 million (2004 est.)

Exports:

$9.134 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:

clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels

Exports - partners:

Italy 13.1%, Germany 11.6%, Turkey 9.3%, Belgium 6.1%, Greece 5.6%,

US 5.3%, France 4.9% (2004)

Imports:

$12.23 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics;

fuels, minerals, and raw materials

Imports - partners:

Germany 15.1%, Italy 10.2%, Russia 7.9%, Greece 7.5%, Turkey 6.9%,

France 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$7.526 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:

$16.1 billion (November 2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:

$300 million (2000 est.)

Currency (code):

lev (BGL)

Currency code:

BGN

Exchange rates:

leva per US dollar - 1.5751 (2004), 1.7327 (2003), 2.077 (2002),

2.1847 (2001), 2.1233 (2000)

note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July

1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Bulgaria

Telephones - main lines in use:

2,868,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

2,597,500 (2002)

Telephone system:

general assessment: extensive but antiquated

domestic: more than two-thirds of the lines are residential;

telephone service is available in most villages; a fairly modern

digital cable trunk line now connects switching centers in most of

the regions, the others are connected by digital microwave radio

relay

international: country code - 359; direct dialing to 58 countries;

satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 2

Intelsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions)

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