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Zaire

Zambia

Zimbabwe

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@Afghanistan—————

Map—

Location: 33 00 N, 65 00 E—Southern Asia, north of Pakistan

Flag——

Description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a gold emblem centered on the three bands; the emblem features a temple-like structure with Islamic inscriptions above and below, encircled by a wreath on the left and right and by a bolder Islamic inscription above, all of which are encircled by two crossed scimitars

Geography————

Location: Southern Asia, north of Pakistan

Geographic coordinates: 33 00 N, 65 00 E

Map references: Asia

Area:

total area: 647,500 sq km

land area: 647,500 sq km

comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

total: 5,529 km

border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km,

Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

International disputes: periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Iran supports clients in country, private Pakistani and Saudi sources also are active; power struggles among various groups for control of Kabul, regional rivalries among emerging warlords, traditional tribal disputes continue; support to Islamic fighters in Tajikistan's civil war; border dispute with Pakistan (Durand Line); support to Islamic militants worldwide by some factions

Climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest

lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m

highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m

Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, talc,

barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and

semiprecious stones

Land use:

arable land: 12%

permanent crops: 0%

meadows and pastures: 46%

forest and woodland: 3%

other: 39%

Irrigated land: 26,600 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues: soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much

of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building

materials); desertification

natural hazards: damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains;

flooding

international agreements: party to - Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban;

signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life

Conservation

Geographic note: landlocked

People———

Population: 22,664,136 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:

0–14 years: 43% (male 4,972,469; female 4,784,900)

15–64 years: 54% (male 6,377,231; female 5,916,954)

65 years and over: 3% (male 325,808; female 286,774) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 4.78% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 43.03 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 18.16 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 22.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.14 male(s)/female

all ages: 1.06 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 149.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 45.85 years male: 46.43 years female: 45.24 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.14 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality: noun: Afghan(s) adjective: Afghan

Ethnic divisions: Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others)

Religions: Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1%

Languages: Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages

(primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily

Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)

total population: 31.5%

male: 47.2%

female: 15%

Government—————

Name of country:

conventional long form: Islamic State of Afghanistan

conventional short form: Afghanistan

local long form: Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan

local short form: Afghanestan

former: Republic of Afghanistan

Data code: AF

Type of government: transitional government

Capital: Kabul

Administrative divisions: 30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol note: there may be two new provinces of Nurestan (Nuristan) and Khowst

Independence: 19 August 1919 (from UK)

National holiday: Victory of the Muslim Nation, 28 April; Remembrance Day for Martyrs and Disabled, 4 May; Independence Day, 19 August

Constitution: none

Legal system: a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari'a)

Suffrage: undetermined; previously males 15–50 years of age

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Burhanuddin RABBANI (interim president

July-December 1992, president since 2 January 1993) was elected to a

two-year term (later amended by multi-party agreement to 18 months)

by a national shura (council); election last held 31 December 1992

(next to be held NA); results - percent of vote NA; Vice President

Mohammad NABI MOHAMMADI (since NA) was appointed by the president;

note - in June 1994 failure to agree on a transfer mechanism

resulted in RABBANI's extending his term to 28 December 1994;

following the expiration of the term and while negotiations on the

formation of a new government go on, RABBANI continues in office

head of government: Prime Minister Ahmad Shah AHMADZAI (since NA)

was appointed by President RABBANI as de facto prime minister, but

does not have any real authority; First Deputy Prime Minister

Qutbuddin HELAL (since 17 March 1993) and Deputy Prime Minister

Arsala RAHMANI (since 17 March 1993)

cabinet: Council of Ministers; note - term of present government

expired 28 December 1994; factional fighting since 1 January 1994

has kept government officers from actually occupying ministries and

discharging government responsibilities; the government's authority

to remove cabinet members, including the prime minister, following

the expiration of their term is questionable

Legislative branch: a unicameral parliament consisting of 205

members was chosen by a national shura (council) in January 1993;

non-functioning as of June 1993

Judicial branch: an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has

been appointed by the president in consultation with the prime

minister, but a new court system has not yet been organized

Political parties and leaders: current political organizations

include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), Burhanuddin RABBANI,

Ahmad Shah MASOOD; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic Party), Gulbuddin

HIKMATYAR faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party), Yunis KHALIS

faction; Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic Union for

the Liberation of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF;

Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad

Nabi MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli Afghanistan (Afghanistan

National Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI;

Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI;

Hizbi Wahdat-Khalili faction (Islamic Unity Party), Abdul Karim

KHALILI; Hizbi Wahdat-Akbari faction (Islamic Unity Party), Mohammad

Akbar AKBARI; Harakat-i-Islami (Islamic Movement), Mohammed Asif

MOHSENI; Jumbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), Abdul

Rashid DOSTAM; Taliban (Religious Students Movement), Mohammad OMAR

note: the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded

Other political or pressure groups: the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the countryside and their shuras (councils) are now administering most cities outside Kabul; tribal elders and religious students are trying to wrest control from them; ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders; religious students (talib)

International organization participation: AsDB, CP, ECO, ESCAP,

FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,

IMF, Intelsat, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD,

UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Abdul RAHIM chancery: 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234–3770, 3771 FAX: [1] (202) 328–3516 consulate(s) general: New York consulate(s): Washington, DC

US diplomatic representation: the US does not have an embassy in

Afghanistan (embassy closed January 1989)

Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a gold emblem centered on the three bands; the emblem features a temple-like structure with Islamic inscriptions above and below, encircled by a wreath on the left and right and by a bolder Islamic inscription above, all of which are encircled by two crossed scimitars

Economy———

Economic overview: Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and goats). Economic considerations have played second fiddle to political and military upheavals during more than 16 years of war, including the nearly 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February 1989). Over the past decade, one-third of the population fled the country, with Pakistan and Iran sheltering more than 6 million refugees. Now, only 1.0 million Afghan refugees remain in Pakistan and about 1.3 million in Iran. Another 1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within Afghanistan. Gross domestic product has fallen substantially over the past 15 years because of the loss of labor and capital and the disruption of trade and transport. Millions of people continue to suffer from insufficient food, clothing, housing, and lack of medical care. Numerical data are extremely shaky.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $12.8 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: NA%

GDP per capita: $600 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 65% industry: 15% services: 20%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

Labor force: 4.98 million

by occupation: agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry

10.2%, construction 6.3%, commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7%

(1980 est.)

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:

revenues: $NA

expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Industries: small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture,

shoes, fertilizer, and cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil,

coal, copper

Electricity: capacity: 480,000 kW production: 550 million kWh consumption per capita: 39 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts; wool, mutton

Illicit drugs: an illicit cultivator of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade; world's second-largest opium producer after Burma (1,250 metric tons in 1995) and a major source of hashish

Exports: $188.2 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems partners: FSU countries, Pakistan, Iran, Germany, India, UK, Belgium, Luxembourg, Czechoslovakia

Imports: $616.4 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: food and petroleum products; most consumer goods partners: FSU countries, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, Singapore, India, South Korea, Germany

External debt: $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.)

Economic aid:

recipient: ODA, $NA

note: US provided $450 million assistance (1985–93); the UN provides

assistance in the form of food aid, immunization, land mine removal,

and a wide range of aid to refugees and displaced persons

Currency: 1 afghani (AF) = 100 puls

Exchange rates: afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 7,000 (January 1995), 1,900 (January 1994), 1,019 (March 1993), 850 (1991); note - these rates reflect the free market exchange rates rather than the official exchange rate, which is a fixed rate of 50.600 afghanis to the dollar

Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March

Transportation———————

Railways:

total: 24.6 km

broad gauge: 9.6 km 1.524-m gauge from Gushgy (Turkmenistan) to

Towraghondi; 15 km 1,524-m gauge from Termiz (Uzbekistan) to

Kheyrabad transshipment point on south bank of Amu Darya

Highways: total: 21,000 km paved: 2,800 km unpaved: 18,200 km (1984 est.)

Waterways: 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up

to about 500 DWT

Pipelines: petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and

Turkmenistan to Shindand; natural gas 180 km

Ports: Kheyrabad, Shir Khan

Airports:

total: 35

with paved runways over 3 047 m: 3

with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4

with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2

with paved runways under 914 m: 7

with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3

with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 13

with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3 (1995 est.)

Heliports: 3 (1995 est.)

Communications———————

Telephones: 31,200 (1983 est.)

Telephone system:

domestic: very limited telephone and telegraph service; 1 public

telephone in Kabul

international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

linked only to Iran and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean Region)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 0, shortwave 2

Radios: NA

Television broadcast stations: NA note: several television stations run by factions and local councils which provide intermittent service

Televisions: 100,000 (1993 est.)

Defense———

Branches: NA; note - the military still does not exist on a national scale; some elements of the former Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard Forces, National Police Force (Sarandoi), and tribal militias still exist but are factionalized among the various mujahedin and former regime leaders

Manpower availability: males age 15–49: 5,549,602 males fit for military service: 2,976,741 males reach military age (22) annually: 220,532 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP

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@Albania———

Map—

Location: 41 00 N, 20 00 E—Southeastern Europe, bordering the

Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece and Serbia and Montenegro

Flag——

Description: red with a black two-headed eagle in the center

Geography————

Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and

Ionian Sea, between Greece and Serbia and Montenegro

Geographic coordinates: 41 00 N, 20 00 E

Map references: Europe

Area:

total area: 28,750 sq km

land area: 27,400 sq km

comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

total: 720 km

border countries: Greece 282 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of

Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km (114 km with Serbia,

173 km with Montenegro)

Coastline: 362 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: the Albanian Government supports protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians outside of its borders; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic; Albanians in Macedonia claim discrimination in education, access to public-sector jobs and representation in government; Albania is involved in negotiations with Greece over border demarcation, the treatment of Albania's ethnic Greek minority, and migrant Albanian workers in Greece

Climate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter

Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Maja e Korabit 2,753 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper,

timber, nickel

Land use:

arable land: 21%

permanent crops: 4%

meadows and pastures: 15%

forest and woodland: 38%

other: 22%

Irrigated land: 4,230 sq km (1989)

Environment:

current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from

industrial and domestic effluents

natural hazards: destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along

southwestern coast

international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change

Geographic note: strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links

Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)

People———

Population: 3,249,136 (July 1996 est.)

note: the IMF, working with Albanian government figures, estimates

that the population was 3,120,000 in 1993 and that it has fallen

since 1990

Age structure:

0–14 years: 34% (male 570,978; female 529,147)

15–64 years: 60% (male 910,873; female 1,049,662)

65 years and over: 6% (male 77,799; female 110,677) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.34% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 22.21 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 7.64 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: −1.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

all ages: 0.92 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 49.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.92 years male: 64.91 years female: 71.17 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.65 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality: noun: Albanian(s) adjective: Albanian

Ethnic divisions: Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlachs,

Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) (1989 est.)

note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from

1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Religions: Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%

note: all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious

observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing

private religious practice

Languages: Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek

Literacy: age 9 and over can read and write (1955 est.)

total population: 72%

male: 80%

female: 63%

Government—————

Name of country:

conventional long form: Republic of Albania

conventional short form: Albania

local long form: Republika e Shqiperise

local short form: Shqiperia

former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania

Data code: AL

Type of government: emerging democracy

Capital: Tirane

Administrative divisions: 26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth);

Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje,

Korce, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd, Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet,

Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, Tepelene, Tirane,

Tropoje, Vlore; note - some new administrative units may have been

created

Independence: 28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire)

National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November (1912)

Constitution: an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April 1991; a draft constitution was rejected by popular referendum in the fall of 1994 and a new draft is pending

Legal system: has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:

chief of state: President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9

April 1992) was elected for a five-year term by the People's Assembly

head of government: Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers

Aleksander Gabriel MEKSI (since 10 April 1992) was appointed by the

president

cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president

Legislative branch: unicameral

People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor): elections last held 22 March

1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP 3.15%, UHP

2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP 1,

UHP 2

note: six members of the Democratic Party defected, making the

present seating in the Assembly DP 86, ASP 38, SDP 7, DAP 6, RP 1,

UHP 2

Judicial branch: Supreme Court, chairman of the Supreme Court is

elected by the People's Assembly

Political parties and leaders: there are at least 28 political

parties; most prominent are the Albanian Socialist Party (ASP;

formerly the Albania Workers Party), Fatos NANO, first secretary;

Democratic Party (DP); Albanian Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO;

Omonia (Greek minority party), Sotir QIRJAZATI, first secretary;

Social Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; Democratic Alliance

Party (DAP), Neritan CEKA, chairman; Unity for Human Rights Party

(UHP), Vasil MELO, chairman; Ecology Party (EP), Namik HOTI, chairman

International organization participation: BSEC, CCC, CE, EBRD,

ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,

IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol,

IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NACC, OIC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,

UNOMIG, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant)

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Lublin DILJA

chancery: Suite 1000, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005

telephone: [1] (202) 223–4942, 8187

FAX: [1] (202) 628–7342

US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE embassy: Rruga E. Labinoti 103, Tirane mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100 (A), APO AE 09624 telephone: [355] (42) 328–75, 335–20 FAX: [355] (42) 322–22

Flag: red with a black two-headed eagle in the center

Economy———

Economic overview: An extremely poor country by European standards, Albania is making the difficult transition to a more open-market economy. The economy rebounded in 1993–95 after a severe depression accompanying the collapse of the previous centrally planned system in 1990 and 1991. Stabilization policies - including a strict monetary policy, public sector layoffs, and reduced social services - have improved the government's fiscal situation and reduced inflation. The recovery has been spurred by the remittances of some 20% of the labor force which works abroad, mostly in Greece and Italy. These remittances supplement GDP and help offset the large foreign trade deficit. Foreign assistance and humanitarian aid also supported the recovery. Most agricultural land was privatized in 1992, substantially improving peasant incomes. Albania's industrial sector ended its five-year, 78% decline in 1995, recording roughly 6% growth. A sharp fall in chromium prices has reduced hard currency receipts from the mining sector. Large segments of the population, especially those living in urban areas, continue to depend on humanitarian aid to meet basic food requirements. Unemployment remains a severe problem accounting for approximately one-fifth of the work force. Now that sanctions on Serbia have been suspended, the falloff in hard currency earnings from smuggling will aggravate unemployment problems. Growth is expected to continue in 1996, but could falter if workers' remittances from Greece are reduced or foreign assistance declines.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.1 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 6% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $1,210 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 55% industry: NA% services: NA% (1995 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16% (1994 est.)

Labor force: 1.692 million (1994 est.) (including 352,000 emigrant workers and 261,000 domestically unemployed) by occupation (of those domestically employed): agriculture (nearly all private) 49.5%, private sector 22.2%, state (nonfarm) sector 28.3% (including state-owned industry 7.8%)

Unemployment rate: 19% (1994 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $486.3 million

expenditures: $550.4 million, including capital expenditures of $124

million (1994)

Industries: food processing, textiles and clothing; lumber, oil,

cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower

Industrial production growth rate: 6% (1995 est.)

Electricity: capacity: 1,662,000 kW production: 3.9 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,219 kWh (1994 est.)

Agriculture: wide range of temperate-zone crops and livestock

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; limited opium production

Exports: $141 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: asphalt, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco partners: Italy, US, Greece, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Imports: $601 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: machinery, consumer goods, grains partners: Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

External debt: $977 million (1994 est.)

Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 lek (L) = 100 qintars

Exchange rates: leke (L) per US$1 - 95.65 (January 1996), 100.00

(January 1995), 99.00 (January 1994), 97.00 (January 1993), 50.00

(January 1992), 25.00 (September 1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation———————

Railways: total: 670 km standard gauge: 670 km 1.435-m gauge (1995)

Highways: total: 18,450 km paved: 17,450 km unpaved: 1,000 km (1991 est.)

Waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake

Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1990)

Pipelines: crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas

64 km (1991)

Ports: Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore

Merchant marine:

total: 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,967 GRT/76,887

DWT (1995 est.)

Airports:

total: 11

with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3

with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2

with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 2

with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1

with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1

with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1994 est.)

Communications———————

Telephones: 55,000

Telephone system:

domestic: obsolete wire system; no longer provides a telephone for

every village; in 1992, following the fall of the communist

government, peasants cut the wire to about 1,000 villages and used

it to build fences

international: inadequate; international traffic carried by

microwave radio relay from the Tirane exchange to Italy and Greece

Radio broadcast stations: AM 17, FM 1, shortwave 0

Radios: 577,000 (1991 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 9

Televisions: 300,000 (1993 est.)

Defense———

Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior

Ministry Troops, Border Guards

Manpower availability: males age 15–49: 723,231 males fit for military service: 588,304 males reach military age (19) annually: 29,340 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $45 million, 2.5% of GDP (1995)

======================================================================

@Algeria———

Map—

Location: 28 00 N, 3 00 E—Northern Africa, bordering the

Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia

Flag——

Description: two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)

Geography————

Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea,

between Morocco and Tunisia

Geographic coordinates: 28 00 N, 3 00 E

Map references: Africa

Area:

total area: 2,381,740 sq km

land area: 2,381,740 sq km

comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

total: 6,343 km

border countries: Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km,

Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km

Coastline: 998 km

Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 32–52 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: part of southeastern region claimed by

Libya; land boundary dispute with Tunisia settled in 1993

Climate: arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers

along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high

plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in

summer

Terrain: mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow,

discontinuous coastal plain

lowest point: Chott Melrhir −40 m

highest point: Tahat 3,003 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates,

uranium, lead, zinc

Land use:

arable land: 3%

permanent crops: 0%

meadows and pastures: 13%

forest and woodland: 2%

other: 82%

Irrigated land: 3,360 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues: soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming

practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum

refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the

pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in

particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and

fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water

natural hazards: mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes;

mud slides

international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -

Desertification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Geographic note: second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan)

People———

Population: 29,183,032 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:

0–14 years: 40% (male 5,910,543; female 5,701,647)

15–64 years: 56% (male 8,319,650; female 8,162,816)

65 years and over: 4% (male 510,308; female 578,068) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.21% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 28.51 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 5.9 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: −0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female

all ages: 1.02 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 48.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.31 years male: 67.22 years female: 69.46 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.59 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality: noun: Algerian(s) adjective: Algerian

Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%

Religions: Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1%

Languages: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)

total population: 61.6%

male: 73.9%

female: 49%

Government—————

Name of country:

conventional long form: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria

conventional short form: Algeria

local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash

Shabiyah

local short form: Al Jaza'ir

Data code: AG

Type of government: republic

Capital: Algiers

Administrative divisions: 48 provinces (wilayas, singular -

wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna,

Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira,

Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf,

Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara,

Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el

Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras,

Tamanghasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi

Ouzou, Tlemcen

Independence: 5 July 1962 (from France)

National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954)

Constitution: 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988 and 23 February 1989

Legal system: socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Liamine ZEROUAL (appointed president 31

January 1994, elected president 16 November 1995) was elected for a

five-year term by universal suffrage; election last held 16 November

1995 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote NA

head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 31 December

1995) was appointed by the president

cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the prime minister

Legislative branch: unicameral; note - suspended since 1992

National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani):

first-round elections held 26 December 1991; second round canceled

by the military after President BENDJEDID resigned 11 January 1992,

effectively suspending the assembly (next election promised by late

1996 or early 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -

(281 total) the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the 231 seats

contested in the first round

Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Political parties and leaders: Islamic Salvation Front (FIS, outlawed April 1992), Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Rabeh KEBIR (self-exile in Germany); National Liberation Front (FLN), Boualem BENHAMOUDA, secretary general; Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exile in Switzerland); Hamas, Mahfoud NAHNAH, chairman; Rally for Culture and Democracy (RCD), Said SAADI, secretary general; Algerian Renewal Party (PRA), Noureddine BOUKROUH, chairman note: the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 and, as of 31 December 1990, over 50 legal parties existed

International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL,

AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol,

IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC, OSCE

(partner), UN, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIH, UPU,

WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant)

Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Osmane BENCHERIF chancery: 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265–2800

US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Ronald E. NEUMANN embassy: 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers mailing address: B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers telephone: [213] (2) 69–11-86, 69–18-54, 69–38-75, 69–12-55 FAX: [213] (2) 69–39-79

Flag: two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)

Economy———

Economic overview: The hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 57% of government revenues, 25% of GDP, and almost all export earnings; Algeria has the fifth-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and ranks fourteenth for oil. Algiers' efforts to reform one of the most centrally planned economies in the Arab world began after the 1986 collapse of world oil prices plunged the country into a severe recession. In 1989, the government launched a comprehensive, IMF-supported program to achieve economic stabilization and to introduce market mechanisms into the economy. Despite substantial progress toward economic adjustment, in 1992 the reform drive stalled as Algiers became embroiled in political turmoil. In September 1993, a new government was formed, and one priority was the resumption and acceleration of the structural adjustment process. Buffeted by the slump in world oil prices and burdened with a heavy foreign debt, Algiers concluded a one-year standby arrangement with the IMF in April 1994. Following a Paris Club debt rescheduling in 1995 and a robust harvest, the economy experienced a strong recovery and key economic improvements.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $108.7 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 3.5% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $3,800 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 12% industry: 50% services: 38%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 28% (1995 est.)

Labor force: 6.2 million (1992 est.) by occupation: government 29.5%, agriculture 22%, construction and public works 16.2%, industry 13.6%, commerce and services 13.5%, transportation and communication 5.2% (1989)

Unemployment rate: 25% (1995 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $14.3 billion

expenditures: $17.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA

(1995 est.)

Industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining,

electrical, petrochemical, food processing

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity: capacity: 5,370,000 kW production: 18.3 billion kWh consumption per capita: 587 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits; sheep, cattle

Exports: $9.5 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.) commodities: petroleum and natural gas 97% partners: Italy 21%, France 16%, US 14%, Germany 13%, Spain 9%

Imports: $10.6 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)

commodities: capital goods 39.7%, food and beverages 21.7%, consumer

goods 11.8% (1990)

partners: France 29%, Italy 14%, Spain 9%, US 9%, Germany 7%

External debt: $26 billion (1994)

Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $316 million (1993)

Currency: 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates: Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 53.003 (January 1996), 47.663 (1995), 35.059 (1994), 23.345 (1993), 21.836 (1992), 18.473 (1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation———————

Railways:

total: 4,772 km

standard gauge: 3,616 km 1.435-m gauge (301 km electrified; 215 km

double track)

narrow gauge: 1,156 km 1.055-m gauge

Highways:

total: 95,576 km

paved: 63,080 km (including 400 km of expressways)

unpaved: 32,496 km (1992 est.)

Pipelines: crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural

gas 2,948 km

Ports: Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Beni Saf, Dellys,

Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda, Tenes

Merchant marine:

total: 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 916,701 GRT/1,086,324

DWT

ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 27, chemical tanker 7, liquefied gas

tanker 10, oil tanker 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 13, short-sea

passenger 5, specialized tanker 1 (1995 est.)

Airports:

total: 119

with paved runways over 3 047 m: 8

with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 24

with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 13

with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 4

with paved runways under 914 m: 17

with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3

with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 19

with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 31 (1995 est.)

Heliports: 1 (1995 est.)

Communications———————

Telephones: 862,000 (1991 est.)

Telephone system:

domestic: excellent service in north but sparse in south; domestic

satellite system with 12 earth stations (20 additional domestic

earth stations are planned)

international: 5 submarine cables; microwave radio relay to Italy,

France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and

Tunisia; participant in Medarabtel; satellite earth stations - 2

Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik, and

1 Arabsat

Radio broadcast stations: AM 26, FM 0, shortwave 0

Radios: 6 million (1991 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 18

Televisions: 2 million (1993 est.)

Defense———

Branches: National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air

Defense, National Gendarmerie

Manpower availability: males age 15–49: 7,391,946 males fit for military service: 4,534,267 males reach military age (19) annually: 326,229 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, 2.7% of GDP (1994)

======================================================================

@American Samoa———————

(territory of the US)

Map—

Location: 14 20 S, 170 00 W—Oceania, group of islands in the

South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New

Zealand

Flag——

Description: blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the outer side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club

Geography————

Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean,

about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates: 14 20 S, 170 00 W

Map references: Oceania

Area:

total area: 199 sq km

land area: 199 sq km

comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC

note: includes Rose Island and Swains Island

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 116 km

Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds;

annual rainfall averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to

April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature

variation

Terrain: five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited

coastal plains, two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Lata 966 m

Natural resources: pumice, pumicite

Land use:

arable land: 10%

permanent crops: 5%

meadows and pastures: 0%

forest and woodland: 75%

other: 10%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:

current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; in many areas

of the island, water supplies come from roof catchments

natural hazards: typhoons common from December to March

international agreements: NA

Geographic note: Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean

People———