Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 152

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 25.4% (1994)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

30.5 (2006) country comparison to the world: 111 35.2 (1994)

Investment (gross fixed):

28.7% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 27

Budget:

revenues: $350.3 billion

expenditures: $332.4 billion (2008 est.)

Public debt:

14.7% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 104 17.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

note: the Commonwealth government eliminated its net debt in 2006, but continues a gross debt issue to support the market for risk-free securities

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

4.4% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 75 2.3% (2007 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

8.91% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 84 10.02% (31 December 2007)

Stock of money:

$NA (31 December 2008)

$298.5 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money:

$NA (31 December 2008)

$667.2 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit:

$NA (31 December 2008)

$1.312 trillion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$NA (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 13 $1.298 trillion (31 December 2007)

$1.096 trillion (31 December 2006)

Agriculture - products:

wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits, cattle, sheep, poultry

Industries:

mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel

Industrial production growth rate:

3% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 86

Electricity - production:

239.9 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 17

Electricity - consumption:

222 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 16

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Oil - production:

586,400 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 30

Oil - consumption:

953,700 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 21

Oil - exports:

332,400 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 37

Oil - imports:

687,200 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Oil - proved reserves:

1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 35

Natural gas - production:

45.22 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 20

Natural gas - consumption:

34.2 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Natural gas - exports:

19.48 billion cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 12

Natural gas - imports:

5.377 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 31

Natural gas - proved reserves:

849.5 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 28

Current account balance:

-$44.04 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 184 -$57.68 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$189.9 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 24 $142.4 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

coal, iron ore, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment

Exports - partners:

Japan 22.2%, China 14.6%, South Korea 8.2%, India 6.1%, US 5.5%, NZ 4.3%, UK 4.2% (2008)

Imports:

$194.2 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 22 $160.2 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products

Imports - partners:

China 15.4%, US 12%, Japan 9.1%, Singapore 7%, Germany 5%, Thailand 4.5%, UK 4.3%, Malaysia 4.1% (2008)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$32.92 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 $26.91 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$799.8 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 14 $820.4 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$366.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 14 $337.5 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$197.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 15 $290.4 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Exchange rates:

Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2059 (2008 est.), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004)

Communications ::Australia

Telephones - main lines in use:

9.37 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 24

Telephones - mobile cellular:

22.12 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 36

Telephone system:

general assessment: excellent domestic and international service

domestic: domestic satellite system; significant use of radiotelephone in areas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile cellular telephones

international: country code - 61; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable with links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; the Southern Cross fiber optic submarine cable provides links to New Zealand and the United States; satellite earth stations - 19 (10 Intelsat - 4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean, 2 Inmarsat - Indian and Pacific Ocean regions, 2 Globalstar, 5 other) (2007)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 262, FM 345, shortwave 1 (1998)

Television broadcast stations:

104 (1997)

Internet country code:

.au

Internet hosts:

11.756 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 10

Internet users:

15.17 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 24

Transportation ::Australia

Airports:

464 (2009) country comparison to the world: 17

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 325

over 3,047 m: 11

2,438 to 3,047 m: 13

1,524 to 2,437 m: 145

914 to 1,523 m: 142

under 914 m: 14 (2009)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 139

1,524 to 2,437 m: 17

914 to 1,523 m: 110

under 914 m: 12 (2009)

Heliports:

1 (2009)

Pipelines:

gas 27,105 km; liquid petroleum gas 240 km; oil 3,258 km; oil/gas/water 1 km (2008)

Railways:

total: 37,855 km country comparison to the world: 7 broad gauge: 142 km 1.600-m gauge

standard gauge: 24,409 km 1.435-m gauge (1,094 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 13,304 km 1.067-m gauge (1,193 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways:

total: 812,972 km country comparison to the world: 9 paved: 341,448 km

unpaved: 471,524 km (2004)

Waterways:

2,000 km (mainly used for recreation on Murray and Murray-Darling river systems) (2006) country comparison to the world: 45

Merchant marine:

total: 50 country comparison to the world: 71 by type: bulk carrier 12, cargo 5, chemical tanker 1, container 1, liquefied gas 4, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 5

foreign-owned: 24 (Canada 9, France 1, Germany 2, Japan 1, Netherlands 2, Norway 1, Singapore 1, UK 5, US 2)

registered in other countries: 28 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Belize 1, Bermuda 1, Dominica 2, Fiji 1, Marshall Islands 1, NZ 1, Panama 4, Singapore 12, Tonga 1, US 1, Vanuatu 2) (2008)

Ports and terminals:

Brisbane, Dampier, Fremantle, Gladstone, Hay Point, Melbourne,

Newcastle, Port Hedland, Port Kembla, Port Walcott, Sydney

Military ::Australia

Military branches:

Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army, Royal Australian

Navy, Royal Australian Air Force, Special Operations Command (2006)

Military service age and obligation:

17 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription; women allowed to serve in Army combat units in non-combat support roles (2008)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16–49: 4,999,988

females age 16–49: 4,870,043 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16–49: 4,341,591

females age 16–49: 4,179,659 (2009 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

male: 144,959

female: 137,333 (2009 est.)

Military expenditures:

2.4% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 69

Transnational Issues ::Australia

Disputes - international:

Timor-Leste and Australia agreed in 2005 to defer the disputed portion of the boundary for 50 years and to split hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; dispute with Timor-Leste hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia in the Timor Sea; regional states continue to express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime identification zone; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica; in 2004 Australia submitted its claims to Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental margins covering over 3.37 million square kilometers, expanding its seabed roughly 30 percent more than its claimed exclusive economic zone; since 2003, Australia has led the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) to maintain civil and political order and reinforce regional security

Illicit drugs:

Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate; major consumer of cocaine and amphetamines

page last updated on November 11, 2009

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@Austria (Europe)

Introduction ::Austria

Background:

Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal. The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 and Austria's entry into the European Union in 1995 have altered the meaning of this neutrality. A prosperous, democratic country, Austria entered the EU Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. In January 2009, Austria assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2009–10 term.

Geography ::Austria

Location:

Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia

Geographic coordinates: