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NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION

The transliteration of Arabic and Judaeo-Arabic in this book follows the system of the International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies.

Aramaic and Syriac are similarly transcribed, with the following exceptions:

sh = š

Soft bgd kft letters are not indicated—thus, kh = k, th = t, etc.

Vocalization of Syriac is primarily East Syrian.

Long vowels: a = ā; u = ū; o = ō (e.g., išō ʿ)

Epsilon = ē

Hebrew follows the system of the Association for Jewish Studies Review, yet whereas Hebrew words that appear in Judaeo-Arabic texts are indicated by the transliteration of צ as ṣ, ט as ṭ, and ח as ḥ, the same consonants that appear in original Hebrew texts will occur as tz, t, and h, respectively.

The transliteration of Pahlavi follows the system of D. N. MacKenzie’s Concise Pahlavi Dictionary.