Читать книгу Intelligent transport systems development - Vadim Shmal - Страница 3

In conditions of a shortage of organizations’ own funds, as well as limited state support, domestic organizations are forced to use a significant part of their resources to finance the current needs of existing production and, in rare cases, to develop new technologies and knowledge—intensive competitive products. The innovation space remains unattractive for domestic capital, foreign investors and private capital. An active innovation policy requires the adoption of extraordinary measures, including the improvement of the system of public investment, credit and tax policy, and extra-budgetary financing.

Before the reforms, the role of the regulatory and financial regulator of innovation in Russia was performed by the state planning and distribution system. Large-scale investments were carried out by the state, the introduction of innovations was ensured by the centralization and concentration of various kinds of resources on priority and most important areas of science and technology development. The specifics of the current situation lies in the fact that the country has significant fundamental and technological reserves, a unique scientific and production base and highly qualified personnel. At the same time, the orientation of this innovative potential to the implementation of scientific achievements in production and other fields of activity is extremely weak. The main difficulties in realizing the innovative potential are associated with the lack of organizations’ own funds, limited budgetary and extra-budgetary financing, including borrowed and borrowed funds.

The decline in production in almost all sectors of the economy, the constant shortage of funds from organizations do not leave resources for innovation. In recent years, innovation activity in the country as a whole has fallen sharply. In the near future, no significant growth in the innovative activity of organizations in various sectors of the economy is predicted. The industries focused on meeting the needs of the domestic market are distinguished by a particularly low level of innovation activity: the light and food industries, the construction materials industry. In conditions of low competitiveness of domestic consumer goods, accompanied by intensive import intervention, the decline in production volumes in these industries continues to be significant. The reversal of the current trend is possible only on the basis of the activation of innovative activities in the relevant sectors of the country’s economy. The composition of innovatively active organizations for the most part remains constant: more than 70% of organizations planning technological innovations in the near future have implemented them in previous years.

The shortage of funds is the main, but not the only factor in the decline of innovation activity. In the conditions of a transitional economy, the scientific and technical sphere was unable to function in the new economic conditions. Scientific and technical developments do not always become an innovative product ready for production and effective implementation. There are problems of legal and organizational order in the protection and transfer of intellectual property, certification of innovative products. The investment mechanism of innovation activity deserves increased attention and significant improvement. Attempts to support all sectors of the country’s economy without taking into account the specifics of their innovation activities and the allocation of priorities do not allow market structures to develop successfully in this area. A special regime for innovations, risk insurance, venture funds, innovative infrastructure are the necessary conditions without which it is impossible to ensure an innovative breakthrough of both a state organization and organizations of other forms of ownership.

At the same time, not only large firms, consortia and associations, but also small organizations require the development of innovative activities. In developed countries, the latter provide about half of all innovations. According to the US National Science Foundation, the number of innovations in small firms per unit of costs is usually greater than in medium and large firms. In addition, small firms are almost a third ahead of large ones in the speed of innovation development. Thus, small innovative organizations are an important factor in the state innovation policy.

Of great importance in the formation of innovation policy is not only the development of a clear strategy and its focus on the formation of a progressive technological order, but also the ability to use the entire arsenal of tools of direct and indirect state regulation for investment in innovation.

The policy of public investment in innovation should be aimed at forming an effective structure of public spending, the level of which should not be less than a certain share of gross domestic product. Measures to increase the efficiency of budget spending should include: financing on an irrevocable basis only innovative projects that have a nationwide character and affect the improvement of the economic security of the country; expansion of the practice of competitive allocation of budgetary funds for the implementation of innovative projects submitted to organizations of any form of ownership. In this case, public and attracted private investments are allocated on a parity basis. First of all, this concerns extra-budgetary funds to support research and development work, part of which will be used to finance domestic and foreign patenting and the maintenance of international patents used in national projects.

Investment activities related to improving the quality of transport services should be based on the following basic principles, focused on compliance with the requirements of a systematic approach, universal values and taking into account the conditions of market relations:

The principle of priority of social and environmental effects, which means that when evaluating the effectiveness of transport projects, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, social and environmental effects, while simultaneously checking them according to safety and environmental criteria.

The principle of an integrated approach, which determines the need to take into account when determining the effectiveness of all possible costs and resources in system quality management, as well as all the emerging results (consequences) of the creation and use of products and transport services provided (results of the organization’s activities) at all levels of management, both in transport and beyond.

The principle of ensuring the minimum impact of incompleteness and unreliability of available information, which means reducing its negative impact on quality management decisions and the results of the entire socio-economic system to the possible minimum.

The principle of comparability of results, which means the need to ensure comparability of the achieved social, environmental and economic effects due to the functioning of the quality management system according to the following criteria:

– social consequences;

– environmental consequences;

– the volume of meeting the needs of developers and transport companies;

– volumes and ranges (interchangeability) to meet the needs of cargo owners;

– a time factor, bringing the effects of different times to the conditions of their commensurability and value by a certain time;

– uncertainty of risks associated with the achievement of effects.

Assessment of the effectiveness of transport and logistics service management should be carried out by comparing data with and without measures taken and implemented.

The principle of mandatory accounting and analysis of costs for quality assurance and management. Without the implementation of this principle, it is almost impossible to determine the economic efficiency of a transport project.

In addition to these rules for determining effectiveness, a number of other principles should be taken into account:

– progressiveness and maximum effect, i.e. when justifying the effectiveness of an event, preference should be given to the one that allows you to get the greatest value of a positive effect;

– the time factor, which makes it mandatory to take into account changes in effects over time, the cost of multi-time results and costs with a preference for faster results and later costs;

– the effects obtained only from the measures under consideration, that is, past or present, but unrelated results and costs should not be taken into account;

– multi-stage determination of the effectiveness of quality management, which means the need to calculate (with different depths) at each stage of development, implementation and implementation of measures to improve the system of transport and logistics services;

– quantitative accounting of the impact of uncertainties and risks of the implementation of quality management measures.