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PYTHEAS AND ULTIMA THULE

Introduction

The Navigator and his Journey—the Background

Discovery of Iceland Before Pytheas Possibilities and Probabilities

Visits to Iceland After Pytheas

The Voyage To Thule

Here where the fires of Phoebus touch

the chariots of the Pole.

In the luminous night the wheel of the sun

burns with a flame

Continuous, and the emulous night

Brings in the clear day.

For the sun is turned upon the oblique

axis of the world

And as it nears the axis of the West

Sheds its downward rays

Until anew the South (South Wind)

Swallows the panting steeds in the sinking sky.

Minor Considerations—and a Summary

DID COLUMBUS VISIT THULE?

The Documents in the Case

Columbus Did Not Go to Iceland

Columbus Went to Iceland

SUMMARY

WERE PYTHEAS AND COLUMBUS RIGHT ABOUT ARCTIC CLIMATE?

Testimony from Ancient and Mediaeval Writers

The Decades of Heroism and Modesty

The Last Phase in Arctic Canada

The Dispute Since 1929

BIBLIOGRAPHY

WORKS CONSULTED FOR PYTHEAS CHAPTER

INDEX

Recent Macmillan Books on the North

UNSOLVED MYSTERIES OF THE ARCTIC By Vilhjalmur Stefansson

A GUIDE TO ALASKA: Last American Frontier By Merle Colby

GREENLAND LIES NORTH By William S. Carlson

ALASKA UNDER ARMS By Jean Potter