The Holy Roman Empire

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Viscount James Bryce. The Holy Roman Empire

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

DATES OF SEVERAL IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE of EMPERORS AND POPES

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY

CHAPTER II. THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEFORE THE INVASIONS OF THE BARBARIANS

CHAPTER III. THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS

CHAPTER IV. RESTORATION OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE

CHAPTER V. EMPIRE AND POLICY OF CHARLES

CHAPTER VI. CAROLINGIAN AND ITALIAN EMPERORS

CHAPTER VII. THEORY OF THE MEDIÆVAL EMPIRE

CHAPTER VIII. THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE GERMAN KINGDOM

CHAPTER IX. SAXON AND FRANCONIAN EMPERORS

CHAPTER X. STRUGGLE OF THE EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY

CHAPTER XI. THE EMPERORS IN ITALY: FREDERICK BARBAROSSA

CHAPTER XII. IMPERIAL TITLES AND PRETENSIONS

CHAPTER XIII. FALL OF THE HOHENSTAUFEN

CHAPTER XIV. THE GERMANIC CONSTITUTION: THE SEVEN ELECTORS

CHAPTER XV. THE EMPIRE AS AN INTERNATIONAL POWER

CHAPTER XVI. THE CITY OF ROME IN THE MIDDLE AGES

CHAPTER XVII. THE RENAISSANCE: CHANGE IN THE CHARACTER OF THE EMPIRE

CHAPTER XVIII. THE REFORMATION AND ITS EFFECTS UPON THE EMPIRE

CHAPTER XIX. THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA: LAST STAGE IN THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE

CHAPTER XX. FALL OF THE EMPIRE

CHAPTER XXI. CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

NOTE A. On the Burgundies

NOTE B. On the Relations to the Empire of the Kingdom of Denmark, and the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein

NOTE C. On certain Imperial Titles and Ceremonies

NOTE D. Lines contrasting the Past and Present of Rome

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[2] Reckoning the Anti-pope Felix (A.D. 356) as Felix II.

[3] Crowned Emperor, but at Bologna, not at Rome.

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Thus again reunited in fact, as it had been all the while united in name, to the Roman Empire, the peninsula was divided into counties and dukedoms, and obeyed the exarch of Ravenna, viceroy of the Byzantine court, till the arrival of the Lombards in A.D. 568 drove him from some districts, and left him only a feeble authority in the rest.

Beyond the Alps, though the Roman population had now ceased to seek help from the Eastern court, the Empire's rights still subsisted in theory, and were never legally extinguished. As has been said, they were admitted by the conquerors themselves: by Athaulf, when he reigned in Aquitaine as the vicar of Honorius, and recovered Spain from the Suevi to restore it to its ancient masters; by the Visigothic kings of Spain, when they permitted the Mediterranean cities to send tribute to Byzantium; by Clovis, when, after the representatives of the old government, Syagrius and the Armorican cities, had been overpowered or absorbed, he received with delight from the Eastern emperor Anastasius the grant of a Roman dignity to confirm his possession. Arrayed like a Fabius or Valerius in the consul's embroidered robe, the Sicambrian chieftain rode through the streets of Tours, while the shout of the provincials hailed him Augustus33. They already obeyed him, but his power was now legalised in their eyes, and it was not without a melancholy pride that they saw the terrible conqueror himself yield to the spell of the Roman name, and do homage to the enduring majesty of their legitimate sovereign34.

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