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1 On the assimilation by Rome of Celtic faiths, see Rhys, “Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by Celtic Heathendom,” 2 sq.

2 Lang, “Custom and Myth,” 178.

3 Leland, “Etruscan Remains,” 9.

4 At Pushkar and Idar. Monier Williams, “Brâhmanism and Hinduism,” 566 sqq.

5 Devatâ in Sanskrit properly means “the state or nature of a deity, divinity,” without any very decided idea of inferiority. In modern usage it certainly has this implication.

6 “Panjâb Ethnography,” 113.

7 Cunningham, “Archæological Reports,” ii. 114, 342, 353; iii. 110, 112; xiii. 63; “Râjputâna Gazetteer,” ii. 160; Führer, “Monumental Antiquities,” 6, 50, 145, 286.

8 Hunter, “Orissa,” i. 188; Jarrett, “Aîn-i-Akbari,” ii. 128.

9 “Asiatic Quarterly Review,” ii. 236.

10 Sherring, “Sacred City of the Hindus,” 59, 157; Bholanâth Chandra, “Travels,” ii. 384.

11 Monier-Williams, “Brâhmanism and Hinduism,” 342.

12 Wilson, “Essays,” ii. 384.

13 Growse, “Mathura,” 180. The story of Joshua (x. 12–14) is an obvious parallel.

14 Frazer, “Golden Bough,” i. 25.

15 Blochmann, “Aîn-i-Akbari,” i. 200–266.

16 Max Müller, “Ancient Sanskrit Literature,” 53, note.

17 Hall, “Vishnu Purâna,” ii. 150; “Journal Asiatic Society, Bengal,” 1862, p. 112.

18 Tod, “Annals,” i. 597.

19 Dalton, “Descriptive Ethnology,” 130, 132, 133, 141, 157, 159, 186, 223; Elliott, “Hoshangâbâd Settlement Report,” 255; Hislop, “Papers,” 26.

20 “Folk-lore,” iv. 358.

21 Gordon Cumming, “From the Hebrides to the Himâlayas,” ii. 164; Brand, “Observations,” 126; Henderson, “Folk-lore of the Northern Counties,” 61; Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 98, 573.

22 Frazer, “Golden Bough,” ii. 234; Grimm, “Household Tales,” ii. 493, 524; Leland, “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 160; Hartland, “Legend of Perseus,” i. 99, 139, 170.

23 Knowles, “Kashmîr Folk-tales,” 3; fire is used in the same way; Temple, “Wideawake Stories,” 32, 271; “Legends of the Panjâb,” i. 42; “Folk-lore Journal,” ii. 104.

24 Campbell, “Notes,” 70.

25 i. 50.

26 Grimm, “Household Tales,” ii. 415.

27 x. 85, 5.

28 “Bombay Gazetteer,” xiii. 93.

29 “Merchant of Venice,” v. 1; “Hamlet,” iv. 7.

30 “Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, February;” see other references collected by Frazer, “Golden Bough,” i. 318.

31 Mrs. Mîr Hasan ’Ali, “Manners and Customs of the Muhammadans of India,” i. 275.

32 “Folk-lore,” ii. 222; iv. 355.

33 “Institutes,” vi. 9; Wilson, “Vishnu Purâna,” 145, 275 note.

34 Ewald, “Antiquities of Israel,” 349 sq.; Goldziher, “Mythology among the Hebrews,” 63.

35 “Odes,” iii. 23, 1, 2, and compare Job xxxi. 26, 27; Psalm lxxxi. 3.

36 Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 205 sq.

37 Campbell, “Notes,” 187.

38 Sherring, “Sacred City,” 221; “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” ii. 42.

39 Hunter, “Orissa,” ii. 140.

40 Sarat Chandra Mitra, “Vestiges of Moon-worship in Bihâr and Bengal,” in the “Journal Anthropological Society of Bombay,” 1893.

41 “Folk-lore,” ii. 221; Monier Williams, “Brâhmanism and Hinduism,” 343.

42 Hardy, “Eastern Monachism,” 149.

43 “Folk-lore,” ii. 228.

44 Oppert, “Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa,” 97, 98, 40.

45 Ovid, “Fasti,” iv. 728; Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 113; “Folk-lore,” ii. 128; Dalton, “Descriptive Ethnology,” 326; “Indian Antiquary,” ii. 90; iii. 68; vii. 126 sqq.; Wilson, “Essays,” s.v. “Holî;” Leviticus xviii. 21; 2 Kings xxiii. 10; Herklot, “Qânûn-i-Islâm,” s.v. “Muharram.”

46 Cunningham, “Archæological Reports,” xvi. 28.

47 “Lear,” i. 2.

48 “Brihat Sanhita.” Manning, “Ancient India,” i. 371.

49 “Demonology,” i. 45.

50 Mrs. Mîr Hasan ’Ali, “Observations,” i. 297 sq.

51 “Travels,” 301.

52 Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 913 sq.

53 “North Indian Notes and Queries,” i. 38.

54 Brand, “Observations,” 665; Aubrey, “Remaines,” 37, 85.

55 The Celtic form of the myth is given by Rhys, “Lectures,” 140 sq.; the Indian legend in Muir, “Ancient Sanskrit Texts,” ii. 23.

56 “Golden Bough,” i. 331 sq.; and see Lang, “Custom and Myth,” ii. 262.

57 Ibbetson, “Panjâb Ethnology,” 114.

58 Yule, “Marco Polo,” i. 291, with note ii. 543.

59 For instances, see Frazer, “Golden Bough,” i. 179.

60 “Bombay Gazetteer,” xi. 55.

61 Campbell, “Notes,” 79.

62 “Folk-lore,” ii. 298.

63 “Bombay Gazetteer,” xxii. 790.

64 Fryer, “Travels,” 418; Campbell, “Notes,” 81.

65 “Custom and Myth,” i. 285; ii. 229, note.

66 Campbell, “Notes,” 78 sqq.

67 Gregor, “Folk-lore of North-East Scotland,” 206; Aubrey, “Remaines,” 37; Ewald, “Antiquities of Israel,” 34; Spencer, “Principles of Sociology,” i. 259, 314; Grimm, “Teutonic Mythology,” ii. 643.

68 Dalton, “Descriptive Ethnology,” 261.

69 Elliott, “Settlement Report,” 125.

70 “Settlement Report,” 168.

71 “Folk-lore,” i. 153.

72 Virgil, “Georgics,” i. 487; “Æneid,” vii. 141; Horace, “Odes,” i. 34, 5.

73 “Descriptive Ethnology,” 229.

74 “Peri Potamôn.”

75 i. 3888 sqq.

76 “Mathura,” 179 sq.

77 Duncker, “History,” iv. II, note; Romesh Chandra Datt, “History of Civilization,” i. 94.

78 Gregor, “Folk-lore of North-East Scotland,” 41.

79 Jarrett, “Aîn-i-Akbari,” ii. 224; “Râjputâna Gazetteer,” iii. 219.

80 “Karnâl Gazetteer,” 31.

81 Buchanan, “Eastern India,” i. II; Madden, “Journal Asiatic Society, Bengal,” 1847, 228, 400; Wright, “History of Nepâl,” 154, 163.

82 Madden, loc. cit., 233.

83 Loc. cit., i. 14.

84 Sleeman, “Rambles,” i. 17.

85 “Central Provinces Gazetteer,” 264.

86 “Folk-lore,” iii. 32.

87 “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 374.

88 “Odyssey,” v. 450; and for other instances see Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” ii. 213; Campbell, “Notes,” 325 sqq.

89 Growse, “Mathura,” 55; Tod, “Annals,” i. 675; Oldfield, “Sketches from Nepâl,” ii. 204.

90 Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 788, 832.

91 “Berar Gazetteer,” 35.

92 “Folk-lore,” i. 152, 209; iii. 72.

93 Rhys, “Lectures,” 123.

94 Knowles, “Folk-tales,” 313.

95 “Folk-lore,” ii. 284, 509; Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 194; Campbell, “Popular Tales,” ii. 205; Conway, “Demonology,” i. 110 sq.; Sir W. Scott, “Letters on Demonology,” 85; Spencer, “Principles of Sociology,” i. 219; Farrer, “Primitive Manners,” 366; Aubrey, “Remaines,” 30; Gordon Cumming, “From the Hebrides to the Himâlayas,” i. 139; Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” i. 109 sq.; ii. 208; Gregor, “Folk-lore,” 66 sq.; Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 216; Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 58.

96 Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” i. 109.

97 “Descriptive Ethnology,” 188.

98 “Primitive Culture,” i. 108 sq.; “Demonology,” i. 205.

99 “Folk Medicine,” 28 sq.

100 “Legends,” 82 sq.

101 Brand, “Observations,” 480.

102 Leland, “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 242.

103 Herklots, “Qânûn-i-Islâm,” 21, 66 sq, 292; Hughes, “Dictionary of Islâm, s.v.

104 Frazer, “Golden Bough,” ii. 185.

105 Ibbetson, “Panjâb Ethnography,” 114; “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” ii. 1; iii. 7; iv. 68.

106 Frazer, “Golden Bough,” i. 102.

107 “Sirsa Settlement Report,” 178.

108 “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 258; Clouston, “Popular Tales,” i. 118.

109 Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 124.

110 Ball, “Jungle Life in India,” 531; “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” ii. 166; Temple, “Legends of the Panjâb,” i. 2; Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 236 sqq.

111 Campbell, “Notes,” 404.

112 Forbes, “Settlement Report,” 41.

113 Knowles, “Folk-tales of Kashmîr,” 504, with note; “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 499.

114 Führer, “Monumental Antiquities,” 80, 134.

115 “Eastern India,” ii. 43.

116 Rhys, “Lectures,” 184.

117 Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 292.

118 Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 793, 798.

119 Ibid., iii. 38.

120 Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” iii. 26.

121 Tod, “Annals,” i. 814 sq.; Conway, “Demonology,” i. 113; “Berâr Gazetteer,” 169.

122 From the “Mânasa Khanda”; Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 308.

123 “Râjputâna Gazetteer,” ii. 131.

124 “Science of Fairy Tales,” chapter vi.; “Berâr Gazetteer,” 148.

125 Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 194.

126 “Bareilly Settlement Report,” 20; Führer, “Monumental Antiquities,” 26; “Bhandâra Settlement Report,” 47; Temple, “Legends of the Panjâb,” i. 39.

127 Oppert, “Ancient Inhabitants,” 467; Grimm, “Household Tales,” ii. 466.

128 Führer, loc cit., 290.

129 “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” iii. 27.

130 “Archæological Reports,” iv. 192.

131 Ibid., viii. 39.

132 Ibid., xxi. 175.

133 Ibid., xiv. 76.

134 Oppert, “Original Inhabitants,” 289.

135 “Popular Tales,” i. 176.

136 Lâl Bihâri Dê, “Folk-tales of Bengal,” 281; “Berâr Gazetteer,” 158, 176; “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” iii. 42; Wright, “History of Nepâl,” 135; “Bombay Gazetteer,” v. 440; “Râjputâna Gazetteer,” ii. 220.

137 i. 17.

138 “Mânasa Khanda”; Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 271.

139 See the remarks by Lassen, quoted by Muir, “Ancient Sanskrit Texts,” ii. 337.

140 Spencer, “Principles of Sociology,” i. 200 sq., 210, 336.

141 “Remaines,” 18; Sir W. Scott, “Lectures on Demonology,” 135.

142 Dalton, “Descriptive Ethnology,” 188, 210, 223, 230, 135, 186; Lubbock, “Origin of Civilization,” 306.

143 Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 832.

144 “Settlement Report,” 121, 254.

145 Atkinson, loc. cit., ii. 792; Hislop, “Papers,” 14; Leland, “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 139.

146 Atkinson, loc. cit., iii. 48.

147 “Bombay Gazetteer,” v. 252.

148 Human sacrifice to the Durgâ of the Vindhyas occurs often in Indian folk-lore. See Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 64.

149 Oppert, “Original Inhabitants,” 24; Wright, “History of Nepâl,” 178.

150 Buchanan, “Eastern India,” i. 51 sq.; Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” ii. 333.

151 Griffin, “Râjas of the Panjâb.”

152 Growse, “Mathura,” 278, where all the local legends are given in full.

153 “Anatomy of Melancholy,” 123.

154 “Primitive Culture,” ii. 261.

155 Growse, “Râmâyana,” 318.

156 “History of India,” chapter iii. 21, 330.

157 Sherring, “Sacred City,” 129.

158 Hislop, “Papers,” 18.

159 “Folk-lore,” iii. 541.

160 Yule, “Marco Polo,” i. 292, 301; Oldfield, “Sketches from Nepâl,” ii. 6.

161 “Notes and Queries,” v. Ser. iii. 424; Farrer, “Primitive Manners,” 70; Frazer, “Golden Bough,” i. 16.

162 Conway, “Demonology,” i. 267.

163 Ibid., 224.

164 “Science of Fairy Tales,” 71 sqq.

165 Campbell, “Notes,” 101 sq.

166 “Bombay Gazetteer,” xviii. 416; xxi. 180; “Journal Ethnological Society,” N. S. i. 98. In the “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 154, the queen Kavalayavalî worships the gods stark naked.

167 Wright, “History,” 10.

168 Leland, “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 148, 301.

169 “North Indian Notes and Queries,” iii. 31, 35.

170 “Golden Bough,” i. 17; “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” iii. 41, 115; Hartland, “Science of Fairy Tales,” 84.

171 “Settlement Report,” 207.

172 I cannot procure this book. The quotation is from “Calcutta Review,” xv. 486.

173 “Settlement Report,” 135.

174 Cunningham, “Archæological Reports,” vii. 162.

175 “North Indian Notes and Queries,” i. 210.

176 Oppert, “Original Inhabitants,” 476, quoting Mr. Fawcett.

177 “North Indian Notes and Queries,” iii. 134.

178 “Bombay Gazetteer,” iii. 221.

179 “Indian Antiquary,” v. 5.

180 “Bombay Gazetteer,” iv. 114.

181 Jarrett, “Aîn-i-Akbari,” ii. 408, quoting Alberuni, chapter viii.

182 “Ethnology in Folk-lore,” 94.

183 “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” i. 102.

184 Ibid., ii. 41; Lyall, “Asiatic Studies,” 136.

185 Leland, “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 369.

186 “Golden Bough,” i. 14.

187 Brand, “Observations,” 753.

188 Beal, “Fah Hian,” 78.

189 “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” iv. 218.

190 Turner, “Samoa,” 45.

191 “North Indian Notes and Queries,” i. 101; Aubrey, “Remaines,” 180; Henderson, “Folk-lore of the Northern Counties,” 24.

192 Aubrey, “Remaines,” 180; Henderson, “Folk-lore,” 24; “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” i. 65, 75, 109, 126.

193 “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 217.

194 Brand, “Observations,” 431.

195 “Archæological Reports,” v. 136.

196 “North Indian Notes and Queries,” i. 13.

197 “North Indian Notes and Queries,” iii. 135.

198 “Folk-lore,” i. 162.

199 “North Indian Notes and Queries,” iii. 106.

200 “Folk-lore,” i. 149.

201 Ibid., iv. 173.

202 Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 128; “Folk-lore,” i. 149, 153; iv. 351.

203 Leland, “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 79.

204 Temple, “Legends of the Panjâb,” ii. 104 sqq.; iii. 301.

205 “North Indian Notes and Queries,” i. 39; Forbes, “Oriental Memoirs,” i. 205.

206 Leland, loc. cit., 272.

207 “Archæological Reports,” xvi. 32.