Читать книгу A Report on Washington Territory - William Henry Ruffner - Страница 4
INDEX.
Оглавление| PAGE | ||
| ITINERARY | 17 | |
| Great Plain, 17 —Cascade Mountains, 17 —Hop Ranch, 17 —Snoqualmie Pass, 18 —Guye Mines, 18 —Mt. Logan, 18 —Denny Mines, 19 —Salal Prairie, 19 —Moss Bay Co., 19 —Raging River, 20 —Gilman Mines, 20 —Blakeley Mills, 20 —Wilkeson Mines, 20 —Kirke's Coal Mines, 21 —Portland, 23 —Spokane Falls, 23 —Good weather, 25. | ||
| GENERAL ACCOUNT OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY | 26 | |
| Historical | 26 | |
| Denny, of Denny Mines, 26 —Causes of delay in settlement, 26 —Population of Washington Territory, 27. | ||
| Location and Market | 27 | |
| Majority of the human race in the countries of the Pacific, 28 —Change in the currents of trade, 28 —The China trade, 29 —The trade of the Amoor River, Japan, etc., 31 —The new railroad across Siberia to St. Petersburg, 32 —The American Pacific States have decisive advantages over all others in controlling the Pacific trade, 33 —Advantages in distances, 34. | ||
| Rough Estimates of Distances | 34 | |
| Advantage in productions, 36 —Coastwise trade, 36 —South American trade, 36 —Large existing trade, 37. | ||
| Table —Ports of the Pacific showing total value of Exports of Domestic Merchandise for year ending June 30, 1885, June 30, 1887, and total value of Imports of Merchandise for year ending June 30, 1885, June 30, 1887. | 38 | |
| Principal Exports of Domestic Merchandise, year ending June 30, 1885 | 39 | |
| Appendix —List of Exports of Domestic Merchandise, year ending June 30, 1885. Exported from the seven Customs Districts of the Pacific, 39 —List of Imports of Merchandise, year ending June 30, 1885. Imported into the seven Customs Districts of the Pacific | 41 | |
| Approximate Population in the Year 1887 of the World | 42 | |
| Topography of Washington Territory | 43 | |
| Puget Sound, 44 —Lake Washington, 44 —West Washington and East Washington, 45 —Cœur d'Alene Mountains, 46 —The Great Plateau, 47 —Coulées, 47 —Columbia and Snake Rivers, 48. | ||
| Altitudes in Washington Territory | 49 | |
| Climate | 49 | |
| The climate of Washington Territory, 49 —Mild and equable, 51 —Rainfall, 51 —No blizzards or cyclones, 53 —Differences between East and West Washington, 53 —Chinook wind, 55. | ||
| Soils | 55 | |
| Soils all fertile, 55. | ||
| Table Showing the Means of the Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit | 56 | |
| Table Showing the Average Precipitation at Stations of the Signal Service | 57 | |
| A remarkable soil, 60. | ||
| Natural Vegetation | 61 | |
| Vast vegetation, 61 —Deciduous trees, 62 —Larch, 62 —Extraordinary evergreen forests, 63 —Douglas fir, or Oregon pine, 63 —The best of ship timber, 64 —White cedar, 65 —Beautiful house lumber, 65 —Hemlock spruce, 65 —Tanners wanted, 66 —White pine, 66 —Balsam fir, 66 —Large supply of Canada Balsam, 67 —The yew, 67 —The superior timber of Snoqualmie Valley, 67 —Range for horses and cattle, 69. | ||
| Lumbering | 69 | |
| Magnitude of the lumber business, 70 —Vast extent of the lumber market, 70 —The great saw-mills, 71 —Profits and prices, 73. | ||
| Agriculture | 73 | |
| Clearing the land, 73 —Demand for agricultural products, 74 —Large crops, 74 —Hop-growing on a large scale, 74 —The changed agricultural conditions of East Washington, 75 —Irrigation in the Yakima Valley, 75 —Varied crops, 77 —The Great Plain, 77 —Boundaries, 78 —Early history, 78 —Area and population, 79 —Amazing wheat crops: surpassing all other States, 79 —Railroads overwhelmed with freight, 80 —Price of wheat and cost of production, 81 —Also barley and oats, 83 —The soil a natural fertilizer, 84 —Quality of the wheat, 84 —The market in England, China, and other Asiatic ports, 85 —Astonishing growth of vegetables, 85 —Crops without rain, 86 —West (not East) Washington to be the great cattle country, 86 —Tree-planting, 87. | ||
| Labor | 88 | |
| Good supply of labor, but more wanted, 88 —Wages, 88. | ||
| THE GEOLOGY OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY | 90 | |
| Historical and Structural | 90 | |
| The Western Coast regions younger than the Rocky Mountains and Appalachians, 91 —An outlying Continent, 91 —The rise of the West Coast, 92 —The rocks and minerals of the Cascade Mountains, 93 —The metamorphic rocks of doubtful origin, 93 —The coal beds, 94 —The volcanic mountains and their great activity, 95 —The wonderful cañon of the Columbia River, 96 —The great sheets of basalt, 96 —Origin of the rich soil of East Washington, 97 —The volcanoes not wholly extinct, 98 —Glacial drift, 98. | ||
| Economic Geology | 99 | |
| I. Coal | 99 | |
| Thickness of the Coal Measures, 99 —Fifteen workable seams, 100 —Different kinds of coal described, 100 —The chemical changes in coal beds, 101 —Deficient nomenclature, 102 —Lignite an unsuitable name for the coals of Washington Territory, 103 —The coking quality not general in these coals, but found in some, 104 —Analyses of Washington Territory coals, 106. | ||
| The Collieries | 106 | |
| Authorities, 106. | ||
| Analyses of Representative Samples of Washington | ||
| Territory Coals and Lignites | 107 | |
| The different mines, 108. | ||
| a. Carbon River Group | 108 | |
| Anthracite, coking and gas coals, 108. | ||
| b. The Green River Group | 110 | |
| The Common Point, equidistant between Tacoma and Seattle, 111 —Franklin and Black Diamond mines, 112 —The Kirke or Moss Bay Company (English) mines, 112. | ||
| c. The Cedar River Group | 117 | |
| Cedar River mines, 117 —Talbot and Renton mines, 118 —Newcastle Mine, 118 —Cost of mining, 119 —Large production, 119 —Misrepresentation, 120 —Correction by Mr. Whitworth, 122. | ||
| d. The Squak Creek, Raging River, and Snoqualmie Group | 125 | |
| Gilman Mines, 125 —Structure of Squak Mountain, 125 —Peculiar advantages for mining possessed by the Gilman Mines, 127 —Seattle Coal and Iron Company, 127 —Seven seams, 128 —Details, 128 —Good coal, 128 —Another good coal seam, 128 —And another, 129 —Large body of valuable coal, 131 —Washington Mines, 132 —Raging River coals, 132 —Details, 134 —Snoqualmie Mountain Coal Group, 136 —Details, 136 —Good coking coal, 136 —Also good coking coal, 138 —Large and valuable bed, 138 —Another good bed, 139 —Geological relations, 139 —This the bottom group, 140. | ||
| e. The Yakima and Wenatchie Group | 140 | |
| Yakima or Roslyn coal field, 140 —Coal on the Wenatchie, 141 —Coal under the Great Bend country, 142. | ||
| f. Bellingham Bay, Skagit River, and other Coal Fields | 142 | |
| The first mining on Bellingham Bay, 142 —Coal on Skagit River, 142 —Coal south of Puget Sound, 144 —Total shipments of coal from Washington Territory, 144. | ||
| g. Coal Seams in British Columbia | 145 | |
| Coal on Vancouver's Island, 145. | ||
| II. Iron Ore | 146 | |
| The iron ores, 146 —The great magnetic ore beds of Cascade Mountains, 147 —Resembles the Cranberry ore deposits, 147 —Guye Mine on Mount Logan, 148 —Denny Mine, 149 —Chair Peak, or Kelly Mine, 149 —Middle Fork Mines, 150 —All easily reached from Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway, 150 —Cle-ellum ore beds, 150 —Burch's ore bed, 152 —Dudley ore bed, 153 —Undoubtedly large beds of steel ores, 153 —Of superior quality, 153. | ||
| Analyses of Snoqualmie Iron Ores | 154 | |
| Proved by analysis to be unsurpassed, if equaled, 155. | ||
| Comparative Analyses of Steel Ores | 155 | |
| Improved processes, 156. | ||
| III. Granite, Limestone and Marble | 157 | |
| Granite, 157 —Marble and Limestone, 158. | ||
| IV. The Precious and Base Metals | 159 | |
| Precious metals on Cascade Mountains, 159 —On Cle-ellum River, 160 —Large copper vein in Stevens County, 161 —Precious metals on Methow River, 161 —The rich mines of Okanogan, 162 —The mines in the Colville region, 164 —The Old Dominion Mine, 165 —The Daisy Mine, 165 —Young America Company, 166 —The Little Dalles, 166 —Cœur d'Alene Mines, 167 —The large tonnage from and to the mines, 169. | ||
| SPECIAL REMARKS on the Country and its Resources along the Line of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway | 171 | |
| Seattle | 171 | |
| Commercial and manufacturing advantages, 171 —Good climate, 171 —Good population, 172 —High civilization, 172 —Railroad lines, 173 —The chief ship-building centre, 174 —Seattle better located than San Francisco, 174. | ||
| The Terminal Property of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway | 175 | |
| Unrivalled terminal property, 175. | ||
| Suburban Interests | 175 | |
| But two entrances by land, 175 —Superiority of the northern suburbs, 175 —Factories of the future, 176 —Ship canal, 176. | ||
| Timber | 176 | |
| Superiority of the timber on the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway, 177 —The forests described, 178 —Forests of Raging River, 178 —Forests near Hop Ranch, 179 —Superior to the Long Leaf forests of the Southern States and of the Mississippi Bottom, 180 —Trees ten feet in diameter, 180 —Average nearly five feet in diameter and 250 feet high, 181 —Lumber product per acre, 181. | ||
| Agricultural Products | 183 | |
| Agricultural freights, 183 —Produce of Hop Ranch, 183 —Farming, fruit and grazing lands, 185 —Hops, barley and beer, 186 —The two great railroads, 187 —The Great Bend country, 187 —Douglas County, 188 —Lincoln County, 189 —Spokane County, 189 —Price of farming lands, 189 —Tonnage, 190. | ||
| Coal | 191 | |
| The Seattle railway passes five coal fields, 191 —Largest shipments from the Gilman Mines, 192 —Superior mining advantages of the Gilman Mines, 193 —Mr. Whitworth's testimony, 193 —Cost of mining coal, 196 —Cost at Gilman Mines, 197 —Prices of coal, 197. | ||
| Iron Ore | 199 | |
| Handling the iron ores, 199 —Furnace sites, 199 —Salal Prairie, 200 —Charcoal cheaply produced, 200 —Quantity of charcoal to the ton of iron, 201 —Bessemer ores commonly distant from fuel, 202 —High cost of Lake Superior ores, 203 —Cost of producing ore in Pennsylvania, 203 —Cost of Bessemer-pig in Snoqualmie Valley, 203 —Large market for steel rails, 204. | ||
| The Other Minerals | 204 | |
| Limestone, 204 —Marble, granite, sandstones, slates, 204 —Precious and base metals, 205 —Okanogan, Colville and Kootenai, 205 —Cœur d'Alene, 206 —Transportation lines to the mining regions, 206. | ||
| CITIES AND TOWNS | 209 | |
| The only competition is between Tacoma and Seattle, 209 —Advantages of Seattle, 210 —Towns of East Washington, 210 —Spokane Falls and its fine prospects, 211 —Mr. Paul F. Mohr's article, 211 —Sprague, Colfax, and Lewiston, 215 —Notes on the Colfax country, 216 —Lewiston, 217 —Walla Walla, 217. | ||
| Branches and Routes for the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway | 218 | |
| Railroad branches, 218 —The Palouse country, 219 —Arguments for the Palouse branch, 220 —Manitoba railroad, 220. | ||
| SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER, GIVING LATEST INFORMATION | 222 | |
| Rapid growth of Seattle and Spokane Falls, 222 —Change in the location of the railroad, 222. | ||
| Report from F. H. Whitworth, Esq., Civil and Mining Engineer on Seattle, Etc. | 223 | |
| Population of Seattle, 224 —New manufacturing establishments, 224 —New steamers, 224 —The iron company at work, 225 —Coking coals, 225 —New discoveries of iron ore, 227 —Lumber business growing, 228 —Population and freights increasing, 228 —Labor strike at Gilman Mine, 228 —Gilman coal seams, 229 —Progress of the West Coast Railroad, 229 —Resources of the country along the new line across Cady's Pass, 230 —Progress in building the road, 231 —Cable Railway in Seattle, 231 —Southern Pacific Railroad supposed to be coming to Seattle Harbor, 231. | ||
| Report from E. A. Routhe, Esq., Concerning Spokane Falls, Etc. | 232 | |
| Growth of Spokane Falls, 232 —Prodigious development of the mining interest, 233. | ||
| Report from Paul F. Mohr, Esq., Concerning the Cady's Pass and Wenatchie Route | 234 | |
| I. Engineering Features | 234 | |
| Engineering details of the new route, 234. | ||
| II. Resources | 236 | |
| Mr. Mohr's account of the resources of the new route, 236. | ||
| III. Scenery | 238 |
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