Читать книгу Abnormal Psychology - William J. Ray - Страница 150

In general, there is no single scientific method, yet there is a general process called science. This process consists of experiencing the world and then drawing general conclusions (called facts) from observations. In science, we use doubt to question our ideas and our research and ask whether factors other than the ones that we originally considered might have influenced our results. By doing this, we come to see that science is a combination of interaction with the world and logic. There are three stages to the scientific method: (1) Develop an idea or expectation (hypothesis), (2) evaluate the ideas and expectations about the world through observation and experimentation, and (3) draw conclusions or inferences about the ideas and expectations and consider the impact of the new information on theoretical conceptualizations.

There are many research designs, and determining which one to select begins with the question the scientist wants to answer. Some of the research designs used to study psychopathology include case study, naturalistic observation, correlational approaches, experimental method, single-subject design, longitudinal research, epidemiological research, and behavioral genetics designs. Logic can help us answer questions of inference, which is the process by which we look at the evidence available to us and then use our powers of reasoning to reach a conclusion. Logical procedures are also important for helping us understand the accuracy or validity of our ideas and research.

Increased certainty is a large part of the experimental process. Scientists increase certainty by creating an artificial situation—the experiment—in which important factors can be controlled and manipulated. Through control and manipulation, participant variables may be examined in detail, and the influence of one variable on another may be determined with certainty. There are four steps to the experimental process, which reflect the evolutionary nature of science: (1) the development of the hypothesis, (2) the translation of this hypothesis into a research design, (3) the running of the experiment, and (4) the interpretation of the results. Researchers take the results and interpretations of their studies and create new research studies that refine the previous hypotheses, and the cycle begins anew.

One goal of experimental research is to determine the relation between the IV and the DV. It is the task of the experiment to reduce extraneous factors not related to the IV that can influence the DV. Additional factors critical to sound inference are participant selection and assignment, the design of the experiment, and the interpretation of the relationship of the IV to the DV. The experimenter considers three hypotheses in interpreting whether the DV is related to the IV: the null hypothesis, confound hypothesis, and research hypothesis. Both statistical significance and clinical significance are important in interpreting research results. Replication of studies in different locations with different participants increases the certainty that the results found reflect the true nature of what is being studied. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique for combining a number of studies to improve the reliability of the results. Of course, if the data from relevant studies has not been published—the so-called “file drawer problem”—the meta-analysis would be biased.

Ethical considerations of psychological experimentation have at their heart the idea that people participating in research should not be harmed. In addition, research participants have a right to privacy including the right to a private personality. To protect those rights, participants must be informed of the experiment’s purpose and its potential risks (informed consent) and then voluntarily agree to participate in the experiment (voluntary participation). Confidentiality and anonymity are two additional considerations that are part of the scientist’s responsibility to the participant. Guidelines for reconciling conflicts between the rights of the participant to pursue happiness and the rights of the scientist to pursue knowledge are provided by such resources as the APA, the U.S. National Research Act, the Belmont Report, and IRBs.