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1 * The naturally occurring minerals of varying composition are referred to as plagioclase rather than anorthite, olivine rather than forsterite, clinopyroxene rather than diopside, and orthopyroxene rather than enstatite.

2 † Caution: some books use the term number of components as synonymous with minimum number of components.

3 ‡ J. Williard Gibbs (1839–1903) is viewed by many as the father of thermodynamics. He received the first doctorate in engineering granted in the US, from Yale in 1858. He was Professor of Mathematical Physics at Yale from 1871 until his death. He also helped to found statistical mechanics. The importance of his work was not widely recognized by his American colleagues, though it was in Europe, until well after his death.

4 § Francois Marie Raoult (1830–1901), French chemist, chaired the Chemistry Department at the Université de Grenoble from 1867 until his death.

5 * Named for English chemist William Henry (1775–1836), who formulated it.

6 * Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) laid the foundations of modern chemistry in his book, Traité de Elémentaire de Chemie, published in 1789. He died at the guillotine during the French Revolution.

7 † The term ion pair is a bit of a misnomer because such associations can involve more than two ions. In concentrated solutions, ion pairs may consist of a cation plus several anions.

8 ‡ A useful mnemonic to remember this is LEO the lion says GRR! (Loss Equals Oxidation, Gain Refers to Reduction.) Silly, perhaps, but effective. Try it!

9 § Ionization reactions, where free electrons are formed, do occur in nature at very high temperatures. They occur, for example, in stars or other very energetic environments in the universe.

10 † Named for Walther Nernst (1864–1941). Nernst was born in Briesau, Prussia (now in Poland), and completed a PhD at the University of Würzburg in 1887. Nernst made many contributions to thermodynamics and kinetics, including an early version of the third law. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1920.