Читать книгу The Life of John Graves Simcoe - William Renwick Riddell - Страница 6

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[1] Duncan Campbell Scott, in The Makers of Canada; John Graves Simcoe, Toronto, 1905, pp. 15, 17, erroneously places Cotterstock in Northumberland.

[2] David B. Read, Q.C., in The Life and Times of General John Graves Simcoe, Toronto, 1890, erroneously calls his father John Graves Simcoe: this error is repeated in a paper: Lieutenant-General John Graves Simcoe, First Governor of Upper Canada by F. R. Parnell, Niagara Historical Society, No. 36, 1924.

The father of Captain John Simcoe is said by John Hodgson in his History of Northumberland to have been the Reverend William Simcoe, Vicar of Long Horsley in that County; but the investigations made by Mr. J. Ross Robertson or at his instance, make it plain that this is a mistake, and that he was Vicar of Woodhorn, as stated in the text.

The genealogy has been traced back some generations:—(I) William Simcoe, of Spurstow, Bunbury Parish, Chester, was Churchwarden of that Parish in 1664; his eldest son was (II) John Simcoe, born 1624 or 1625. He is described as “a Chandler at the Sugar Loaf in Fetter Lane”, and afterwards of Red Lion Square, Gentleman. At the age of 40 he married, en secondes noces, Anne Dutton, a widow aged 36; Harleian Society, Vol. 34, p. 158. They had issue, inter alia, (III) William, born 1676, who became Curate at South Shields, Durham, and later Vicar of Woodhorn in Northumberland and Chaplain to the Prisoners in Newgate, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. By his first wife, Mary, daughter of John Hutchinson of Leeside House, Township of Hilton and Parish of Staindrop in the County of Durham whom he married January 3, 1609/10, he had issue, inter alia, (IV) John Simcoe who was born at Leeside House, November, 1710.

[3] “Vicenza Lopez and Manuel Bosques, lately Commanders of the Spanish Galley taken by His Majesty’s Ship Wager and José Borrell, late Commander of the schooner Santa Maria taken by His Majesty’s sloop Drake.” Wolf. I, 1, 4, (i. e., Papers obtained by Mr. J. Ross Robertson at Wolford.)

[4] Wolf. I, 1, 5-7.

[5] do. do. do. 14.

[6] do. do. do. 17. A letter to Captain John Simcoe at “Cotterstock near Oundle in Northamptonshire,” dated, Stratford in Essex, December 21, 1749, from Bamber Gascoigne, Lord of the Admiralty, suggested that Simcoe’s costs in the law suit should be paid by the Crown.

[7] Graves was Commander of the North American Fleet which attempted to enforce the Boston Port Act of 1774. In a letter to John Simcoe from Maddox Street, May 9, 1752, Graves presents compliments “to you and Mrs. Simcoe and infant Graves”. Wolf. I, 1, 20.

[8] For the preceding statement, see do. do. do. pp. 21, 28, 30, 44, 46, 53. Although from the Wolf. Papers, it is not made to appear that Simcoe was a member of this Court, do. do. do. 53, 54, it is certain that he was such. On March 1, 1757, it was ordered by the House of Lords that the President (Vice-Admiral Thomas Smith) and other members of the Court Martial including Captain John Simcoe should attend the House to be examined on the second reading of a Bill to permit Members of the Court to disclose some facts relative to the sentence of death pronounced on Byng: 15 Parliamentary History, Col. 809. See also Wolf. I, 1, 60, 61; and Simcoe gave evidence, March 2, 15 Parliamentary History, Col. 816, saying that he had no desire to disclose anything. It will be remembered that Byng was found guilty of wilful negligence at Minorca and was executed—in Voltaire’s bitter jest, pour encourager les autres. Simcoe seems to have had no doubt of the justice of the verdict and sentence.

The proceedings in the House of Commons in the matter will be found in the Report for February, 15 Parliamentary History, Coll. 803-807: the Bill passed and was sent up to the House of Lords, February 28, and failed to pass, do. do. do. Coll. 807-827.

[9] See his correspondence, February, 1757, with Admiral Sir Charles Knowles (who made a mess of things in the expedition against Rochefort and was superseded the same year) and with Temple, Wolf. I, 1, 58, 59.

[10] His master was James Cook, who in later years declared that he had received a great part of his training in navigation and seamanship from Simcoe—Cook had been a common seaman in the Navy only a few years before. We shall meet Cook again. There are still extant documents by Simcoe concerning the siege of Louisbourg. The official Record in the Admiralty gives as the date of Captain Simcoe’s death May 14; but the contemporary entry in the log of the Pembroke is May 15, the latter is probably correct.

[11] In a letter to Lord Ravensworth from the Pembroke, October, 1758, Captain Simcoe says that he had “been in the Gulf of St. Lawrence on a cruise with Charles Hardy attended only with the advantage of proving the ease of attacking Quebec.”

Admiral Durell’s Journal from October, 1758, is now available in the Archives at Ottawa. October 2, 1758, we find “Capt. Simcoe of the Pembroke ordered to discharge into the Garrison of Louisbourg the Party of Men and officers belonging to Bragg’s Regiment.”

On Oct. 17, Simcoe presided at a Naval examination (in Louisbourg harbour still).

On Oct. 25, Durell orders certain things to be accomplished “that we may sail the sooner for Halifax Harbour.”

On Oct. 26, Pembroke and Vanguard are supplied “with 4 months supply of surgeons necessarys.”

Nov. 7, prepared to sail for Halifax: Simcoe is mentioned as being supplied with signals.

On the 12th, they had not yet sailed and “ordered Capt. Simcoe of the Pembroke to receive from the Hospital at this place (Louisbourg), all the recover’d seamen belonging to His Majesty’s Ships that are at Halifax.” Sailed from Louisbourg, Nov. 15; arrived the 20th; 21st, Simcoe arranged a court-martial; 23rd, he presided at an enquiry.

Dec. 4, he is “ordered to issue slop”; Jan. 12, he examined qualifications of a lieutenant; during February, they get their ships ready for sea as soon as possible.

March 8, Simcoe examines conditions of damaged slops on the Elizabeth. March 22, the same on the Crown.

In Admiral Durell’s Journal ... Princess Amelia, Halifax Harbour under date April 3, 1759, is the entry: “This day ordered the Captains of the Pembroke, Centurion and Squirrel to get their provisions compleated, the two first for four months ....” In his Remarks on Board the Princess Amelia from Halifax to the River St. Lawrence, under date May 15, 1759, is the entry “This day died Capt. Simcoe of His Majesty’s Ship Pembroke. I have appointed Capt. John Wheelock of His Majesty’s Ship Squirrel to act as Captain of the said ship until further orders.”

In the Log of the Pembroke, kept by James Cook, Master, of which a copy is in the Canadian Archives, the heading after the appointment of Captain Wheelock contains the names of “Captain Simcoe and Captain Wheelock.” The Pembroke, as is shown by its Log, took an active part in the siege of Quebec.

Wolfe had an unfavorable opinion of Durell. If Wolfe was right, while Durell seems to have had sufficient technical and professional skill, he was dilatory and unenterprising—and that in an undertaking which above all else demanded speed and daring. It may be that Wolfe was not wholly just: Saunders was of a different type. Durell’s Journal furnishes ample proof that they spent the winter in Halifax Harbour as all the entries are marked, “In Halifax Harbour”, and Durell mentions sending ships to cruise about and search for French boats, for English ships off their course and the like. Canadian Archives, “Admirals’ Journals, No. 7”.

Beckles Wilson, The Life and Letters of James Wolfe, London, pp. 421, 423, 424, is in error in supposing that Durell sailed a few days before Saunders left Spithead, February, 1759—Durell did not leave this side of the Atlantic that winter.

Since the above was written an admirable study of Durell’s movements has been contributed to The Royal Society of Canada by Miss E. Arma Smillie, M.A.; it is entitled: The Achievement of Durell in 1759, and is published in the Proceedings and Transactions, R. S. C., 3rd Series, Vol. XIX, Section II, p. 131.

In the memoir attached to the 8vo edition of John Graves Simcoe’s Military Journal, New York, 1844, is found the following statement: “The most striking occurrence of his (i.e., Captain Simcoe’s) life arose ...... it is said from an accident improved in a manner peculiar to genius and extensive professional knowledge. The story is that he was taken prisoner by the French in America and carried up the River St. Lawrence. As his character was little known, he was watched only to prevent his escape, but from his observations in the voyage to Quebec, and the little incidental information he was able to obtain, he constructed a chart of that river and carried up Wolfe to his famous attack upon the Canadian Capital”. This is copied in Henry J. Morgan’s Sketches of Famous Canadians, Quebec, 1862, p. 116, and almost verbatim in David B. Read’s The Life and Times of Gen. John Graves Simcoe, Toronto, 1890, at pp. 9, 10, and less fully in David B. Read’s The Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada and Ontario, 1792-1899, Toronto, 1900, at p. 21, also in the paper mentioned in note 2 suprâ. Duncan Campbell Scott in his The Makers of Canada: John Graves Simcoe, p. 16, says: “It is stated that he was enabled to supply Wolfe with a chart of the river and with valuable information collected during an imprisonment at Quebec. No details of this capture and imprisonment are anywhere given and the story begins in shadow and does not close in light.”

It is certain that there is no truth in the story of alleged capture and imprisonment. Dr. Scott says: “The prototype of this tale is that of Major Stobo whose capture, detention in Quebec and subsequent presence with Wolfe before the beleaguered city are authenticated.” Morgan, op. cit., p. 116, says that Simcoe “was killed at Quebec in the execution of his duty in the year 1759 whilst assisting the ever glorious Wolfe in the siege of that City.”—an error repeated in more than one work, amongst them, Kingsford’s History of Canada, Vol. VII, p. 337, and my own La Rochefoucault. This seems to have originally been an incorrect inference from his monument in the Church of St. Andrew’s, Cotterstock.

To the memory of John Simcoe, Esq., late Commander of His Majesty’s Ship Pembroke, who died in the Royal Service upon the important expedition against Quebec in North America in the year 1759, aged 45 years. He spent the greatest part of his life in the service of his King and country, preferring the good of both to all private views. He was an officer esteemed for his great abilities in naval and military matters, of unquestioned bravery and unwearied diligence. He was an indulgent husband, a tender parent and a sincere friend; generous, humane and benevolent to all; so that his loss to the public as well as to his friends cannot be too much regretted. This monument was in honour to his memory, erected by his disconsolate wife, Katharine Simcoe, 1760.

Underneath lie Pawlett William and John, sons of the above John and Katharine Simcoe.

It may here be added that Surveyor-General Major Samuel Holland in a letter to Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, at York (Toronto) from Quebec, January 11, 1792, says that he met Captain Simcoe a few days after the surrender of Louisbourg on his ship the Pembroke; and “during our stay at Halifax ..... under Captain Simcoe’s eye, Mr. Cook and myself compiled materials for a chart of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, which plan at his decease was dedicated to Sir Charles Saunders, with no alterations than what Mr. Cook and I made coming up the River. Another chart of the River, including Chaleur and Gaspé Bays, mostly taken from plans in Admiral Durell’s possession was compiled and drawn under your father’s inspection and sent by him for immediate publication to Thomas Jeffery, (Jefferys) predecessor to Mr. Faden. These charts were of much use as some copies came out prior to our sailing from Halifax to Quebec in 1759.” The chart was reprinted in 1775 and 1794 with the Title—An Exact Chart of the River St. Laurence, from Fort Frontenac to the Island of Anticosti, showing Soundings, Rocks, Shoals, with views of the Lands. There is a copy in the Riddell Canadian Library at Osgoode Hall, Toronto.

Holland adds:—“Being General Wolfe’s Engineer during the attack of that place, I was present at a conversation on the subject of sailing for Quebec that fall. The General and Captain gave it as their joint opinion it might be reduced the same campaign, but this sage advice was overruled by the contrary opinions of the Admirals who conceived the season too far advanced so that only a few ships went with General Wolfe to Gaspé, &c., to make a diversion at the mouth of the River St. Lawrence. Again, early in the spring following, had Captain Simcoe’s proposition to Admiral Durell been put into execution, proceeding with his own ship, the Pembroke, the Sutherland and some frigates via Cut of Canso for the River St. Lawrence in order to intercept the French supplies, there is not the least doubt that Monsieur Cannon with his whole convoy must have been taken as he only made the river six days before Admiral Durell, as we learn from a French brig taken off Gaspé...... Had he lived to have got to Quebec, great matter of triumph would have been afforded him on account of his spirited opposition to many captains of the navy who had given it as their opinion that ships of the line could not proceed up the river whereas our whole fleet got up perfectly safe”. Revd. Dr. Henry Scadding’s Surveyor-General Holland, Toronto, 1876, pp. 3, 4.

[12] See this letter in extenso in my edition of La Rochefoucault’s Travels, published by the Ontario Archives for 1916, pp. 137-144; Wolf. I, 1 33-38, has verbal and unimportant differences; but there are in this manuscript some suggestions not in the printed text, e.g., Simcoe says:—“The cession of the neutral lands or whatever France may take in the West Indies or Mediterranean all would be an empty purchase for Canada.

Perhaps the erection of Canada into a kingdom for Prince Edward would for ages answer the purpose as well as be a greater, more rational, and permanent accession of strength to this Kingdom and Royal Family than the wearing of so many crowns by the House of Bourbon in different parts of Europe can possibly be to that family or France.”

It will be remembered that there was considerable discussion during the Seven Years’ War as to whether Canada should be retained and Guadaloupe returned to France on the Peace and that Franklin’s “Canada Pamphlet” turned the scale. See my Papers, Franklin in Canada, Empire Club Papers, 1923, and Benjamin Franklin’s Mission to Canada and the Causes of its Failure, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Dec. 1, 1923, 47 Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 1923. It is also known that it was intended that the country to be formed by the Provinces at Confederation in 1867 should be known as the “Kingdom of Canada”, and that the name was changed at the instance of Lord Stanley who feared that such name would offend the susceptibilities of the United States. It was not intended in 1867, however, that the Kingdom of Canada should have a separate King as in Simcoe’s suggestion.

Prince Edward was, of course, not the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, but Edward Augustus, Duke of York and Albany (1739-1767), second son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and younger brother of King George III.

A memorandum initialled by John Graves Simcoe and in his handwriting, presented by his daughter to the late Rev. Dr. Henry Scadding, reads as follows:—

“Major Holland told me that my father was applied to, to know whether his body should be preserved to be buried on shore. He replied, ‘Apply your pitch to its proper purposes,—keep your lead to mend the shot holes and commit me to the deep’ ”. Rev. Dr. Henry Scadding’s Surveyor-General Holland, Toronto, 1896, pp. 4-5.

Major Samuel Holland was Surveyor-General of Canada: Holland Landing and Holland River were named after him.

[13] Wolf. I, 1, 25. William Wildman, Viscount Barrington, was Secretary at War, Nov. 14, 1755, to Mar. 18, 1761: he was not Secretary of War or a principal Secretary of State at all but an official of inferior rank. At this time, and from 1539 to 1768, there were two Secretaries of State only; but in 1794, a Secretary of State for War was appointed. There are now five principal Secretaries of State, one being Secretary for War.

Barrington was not a member of the Cabinet; he made it a condition when he accepted the post of Secretary at War in Rockingham’s Administration that he should be permitted to vote against the Ministry, both on the Stamp Act and on the question of General Warrants. John Heneage Jesse: Memoirs of the Life and Reign of King George the Third, London, 1901, Vol. II, p. 21.

The paper as sent to Barrington is without the very appropriate motto from Cicero, De Oratoribus, 2, 40, 169, prefixed to the copy in John Graves Simcoe’s possession and printed in my edition of La Rochefoucault (ut suprâ) “Si barbarorum est, in diem vivere, nostra consilia sempiternum tempus spectare debent,” which was added in a copy sent a little later to one of the Lords of the Admiralty. Wolf. I, 1. 39-41. Captain Simcoe says that the letter to Barrington was “the substance of what I had spoken when Mr. Braddock was first destined to Virginia, whose fate was foretold. I say nothing more about it but leave to time and events to discover the error or solidity of the reasoning”, do. do. do. 44.

[14] do. do. do., 39-41. A copy of the letter to Barrington accompanied the scheme.

[15] do. do. do. 50-55.

[16] do. do. do. 70-72.

[17] Letter to Northumberland, do. do. do. 94, 95. Letter to Boscawen, do. do. do. 96: other letter, do. do. do. 97. In the last named letter he says that he “will write to Mr. Pitt very soon”. In all the letters he presses his claim to a flag.

[18] A memorandum in Wolford MSS., in the handwriting of Eliza Simcoe, a daughter of General Simcoe, reads:—“London, Portland Place, No. 3, Maxims of Conduct by Captain John Simcoe, R.N. The following maxims for the guidance of young officers in the British Naval and Military Service, were written in the year 1754, for the edification of his sons, by Capt. J. Simcoe, R.N., a highly accomplished officer, who, at the age of forty-five, died on service whilst commanding the Pembroke, 64, during Wolfe’s memorable expedition against Quebec.”

This summary draft, however hastily and inaccurately penned, will point out your course and serve as a general beacon in learning and executing your duty if you are well disposed; if you are not, a thousand volumes would be ineffectual. But know it is your indispensable duty to labour to become the great and accomplished officer, which duty your country has a right to expect from all in her service in half pay as full employment; though your views and promotion may be traversed by faction, malice or ignorance, though caprice or bad lessons may defeat your expectations arising from your consciousness of the best intentions and real service, though the wanton favour of the superficial and narrow-minded even the consciousness of demerit and guilt may give to the less worthy, or less able, the posts, which your poor country’s all may depend on, though birth will generally (and ought) where all other things are equal, have the preference,—bear the disappointment or injury with temperance in the day of National distress, which Heaven avert from this Kingdom. The voice of the public will do you justice amidst the obscurity to which you are condemned, call you forth for its own sake and the great accomplished officer shine with double splendour, when the “Will of the Wisps”, if they should exist, will vanish.

Cotterstock, Octr. 20th, 1754.J. Simcoe.

RULES FOR YOUR CONDUCT

1. Let the groundwork of your whole conduct be a just respect for and love of God; know that with such respect, every man must necessarily be brave, and without such due impression every man must as necessarily be a coward.

2. The love of your Country and King, which necessarily flows from the first maxim, must be your ruling principle; let no ill usage taint this principle, to the observance of which you must always and cheerfully be ready, when occasion calls to sacrifice life, fortune and the strongest ties.

3. Cherish carefully that delicate and essential principle Honour, which, if pure will readily dictate what is fittest to be done, and what is to be avoided more than death.

4. Remember always that you are the servant of the Public, that its honour and safety may in a greater or lesser degree, be entrusted to your conduct; you can then never without a violation of your trust, sacrifice either to what busy blind selfishness may repute private good, or suffer the least competition between private and public emolument; the labourer is undoubtedly worthy of his hire if he use the delegated authority and wealth of his master; to labour only for himself he deserves a halter instead of a ribbon; instances have been where Officers have uniformly done their duty in sacrificing private to public regards, and for reward have met with neglect, contempt or injury; others have as uniformly sacrificed public duty to selfish pursuits and in the chase rose to opulence, favour and credit. Let no ill maxims, however general or successful, alure you from, nor ill usage slacken your devout discharge of your duty; you are sure of the noblest and most lasting reward, the testimony of a good conscience.

5. Let your obedience to the commands of Superior Officers be exact, implicit and cheerful; if those commands should at any time be indiscreet, or lead you instantly to sudden death you are in all cases most punctually to execute them, and know the first virtue in an inferior is cheerful obedience and,—hesitation, impiety—your superior alone being answerable for his orders.

6. He who knows not how to obey, can never know how to command; you are therefore not only to obey, promptly and with all your spirit the commands of a Superior, but you are in the course of your service to learn practically the distinct duties of every officer.

7. Be strenuous in learning your duty, be not afraid of labour, nor of the Tar-bucket; but constantly attend, when duty requires you not elsewhere, the boatswain’s people in knotting, splicing and rigging, handing and reefing; perfect yourself in the detail of all business from the stem to the stern, from the keelson to the masthead; and learn all duties from the common seasman’s to that of the highest commission officer. When you come to be an officer you’ll make but an awkward figure, if in ordering the execution of any service you know not how to go about it dexterously yourself; besides such general knowledge in the detail will give you lights and a presence of mind which on occasion may save the Crown’s ship or squadron, with the lives of invaluable subjects.

8. Charles the 12th of Sweden used to say that “he was but half a man who was without numbers”; it is as true a maxim that he is but half a Sea Officer who is not equally a good soldier as Seaman, and you must not therefore, as is too common, think yourself a fine officer, if you can rig and work a ship in the ordinary methods, and in which without the theory of ship working, you’ll probably find yourself outdone by the collier or your own forecastle man; you must strenuously apply to learn the duty of a soldier.

9. It will not in this pursuit be sufficient to learn the battalion exercise; you must learn all the necessary military motions, the breaking and forming any body of men into Platoons, Divisions, Battalions, Brigades, all the various dispositions and combinations, camp duty, field duty, garrison duty, trench duty; in short, you must successfully learn whatever pertains in the Infantry to the office of Sentinel, Corporal, Adjutant, Lieutenant, Captain, &c., upwards to that of the General; thus your knowledge must rise from the small detail to a comprehension of the great parts of the military science till you are able to plan or execute the great operations of War founded on rational and systematical principles.

10. This progress towards the finished officer will be slow and ineffectual if in your course you enter not into the rationale of things; you must by enquiry, reading or reflection learn the reason of every process from the strapping of a block to the orders of battle, in the seaman’s part, and from the posting of a sentinel to the orders of battle, according to the genius of the ground, the disposition, nature and number of the enemy in the soldier’s duty; when reasoning goes not hand in hand with the practice in both services it is but routine, the act of a parrot. You can pretend to, and you’ll be lost in most things which have not occurred to your grovelling experience, unable to remedy as invent in common exigencies; what then would be your figure, or where the lustre of the officer on extraordinary occasions?

11. It will greatly aid you to gain some knowledge in designing and in fortification; the latter will be useful when you attack or defend any fortified place, or are to defend any Port where intrenchment may prolong your defence, and save your honour as man till you are relieved; the first will be serviceable in infinite occasions in the Sea and Land services; the French make it a rule to give the government of their Colonies to their Sea Officers but their officers are well qualified as Soldiers, Seamen and Engineers; we begin to follow their example in those promotions; can we doubt that the maxim would not be as general as rational if our Sea Officers would take pains to inform themselves in those respective duties?

12. Exactitude is a necessary quality, but affect not the Martinet. It is dwelling on the surface without penetrating the essence of things. It is labouring about minutes and things of no consequence, betraying want of understanding and an incapacity of entering into the spirit of the service, or of combining and varying of things according to circumstances; such a one may be dignified with the Staff of a Velt-Marshal or Admiral, but he is at bottom a Corporal or boatswain’s mate.

13. Remember that as a Surprise is most ruinous in its consequences, it is the greatest disgrace an Officer can incur, as it must arise from negligence; be therefore ever alert, vigilant, and careful on your post, nor let inevitable destruction tempt you to desert it without order in any circumstances whatever. By sea or land the same rule holds good in civil and ordinary life; whatever your station be, act in it well and with dignity, considering it as a post entrusted to you by Providence; this just behaviour will in a cottage make you a greater man than a Prince who acts remissly.

14. In your reading avoid everything trivial or which leads not directly to the knowledge of your duty, such as romances, novels, plays or poems; amongst these are to be excepted Homer, Virgil or any Tyrtaeus if you meet with them; a little practical Geometry will be necessary. Above all, read a thousand times over Caesar, Polybius, Arrian, Thucydides and Xenophon. In the latter you’ll find the politest scholar, the best man, the finest gentleman, and excepting the much injured Alexander, the greatest Captain in all ages. If you know not the original languages get the best translations. These will open your understanding, enlarge your ideas, ripen and inform your judgment better than a thousand campaigns under incompetent masters. Do not think that the benefit of reading these great military Masters is confined to the Land service; their lessons by analogy necessarily reach the Sea service, and the Military art; as good sense in the application belongs to both elements and speaks all languages; you will find in these and some other authors a Naval Art of War more profound, intelligent, scientific and therefore more bold than has appeared since their days. No wonder the greatest Sea Captains of antiquity as of modern times were those who were the most accomplished leaders of Armies on shore.

15. The choice of good military authors is very small, but for the honour of the military profession they are sufficient for all purposes and abound with the best precepts as examples, for civil and military life, and I hazard my reputation on this assertion that they are not only the best models for military conduct, but for conduct in every station of the patriot, courtier, statesman, magistrate, and finished gentleman.

16. I must not omit to observe that military duty of two kinds—duty of danger and duty of fatigue; both go or ought to go, unless in critical conjunctures, by rotation. Duty of danger begins with the oldest Officer, suiting the command, who has a right to the post. Honour on extraordinary occasions requests voluntarily the post of danger; if granted, labour to discharge adequately the honour and trust reposed in you; if denied you have done your duty with a good grace, but if you should be appointed to a duty of fatigue which goes by rotation, beginning with the youngest Officer, and if it should be a tour of a junior Officer you must without the least hesitation or discontent execute it cheerfully, nay, it will be for your advantage, for every such duty will be probably a new lesson towards perfecting your knowledge.

17. Inure your body to bear extremes of heat and cold, hunger and thirst, and exercise to agility and strength by suitable toil.

18. Use your Officers and men with humane treatment, set them the examples of temperance, modesty and obedience to the laws of your Country; regard the orderly and deserving; punish inexorably the disobedient and flagitious.

19. Avoid quarrelling. Give offence to none, nor suffer it from any, but you are to intermit it when you are on actual service, with which no consideration is to interfere.