Читать книгу Essential Concepts in MRI - Yang Xia - Страница 5

1  Cover

2  Title page

3  Copyright

4  Dedication

5  Preface

6 Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction1.2 Major Steps in an NMR or MRI Experiment, and Two Conventions in Direction1.3 Major Milestones in the History of NMR and MRI1.4 The Organization for a One-semester Course

7 Part I Essential Concepts in NMRChapter 2 Classical Description of Magnetic Resonance2.1 Fundamental Assumptions2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Moment2.3 The Time Evolution of Nuclear Magnetic Moment2.4 Macroscopic Magnetization2.5 Rotating Reference Frame2.6 Spin Relaxation Processes2.7 Bloch Equation2.8 Fourier Transform and Spectral Line Shapes2.9 CW NMR2.10 Radio-frequency Pulses in NMR2.11 FT NMR2.12 Signal Detection in NMR2.13 Phases of the NMR SignalChapter 3 Quantum Mechanical Description of Magnetic Resonance3.1 Nuclear Magnetism3.2 Energy Difference3.3 Macroscopic Magnetization3.4 Measurement of the x Component of Angular Momentum3.5 Macroscopic Magnetization for Spin 1/23.6 Resonant Excitation3.7 Mechanisms of Spin RelaxationChapter 4 Nuclear Interactions4.1 Dipolar Interaction4.2 Chemical Shift Interaction4.3 Scalar Interaction4.4 Quadrupole Interaction4.5 Summary of Nuclear Interactions

8 Part II Essential Concepts in NMR InstrumentationChapter 5 Instrumentation5.1 Magnets5.2 Radio-frequency Coil, Its Resonant Circuitry, and the Probe5.3 Frequency Management5.4 Transmitter5.5 Receiver5.6 Pulse Programmer and Computer5.7 Other ComponentsChapter 6 NMR Experimental6.1 Shimming6.2 Preparing Samples6.3 Pulse Sequences and FID6.4 Digitization Rate and Digital Resolution6.5 Dynamic Range6.6 Phase Cycling6.7 Data Accumulation6.8 Pre-FFT Processing Techniques6.9 Fast Fourier Transform6.10 Post-FFT Processing6.11 Signal-to-Noise RatioChapter 7 Spin Manipulations by Pulse Sequences7.1 SINGLE PULSE: 90˚Ix, 90˚Iy, 90˚I_-x, 90˚I_-y7.2 Inversion Recovery Sequence, Saturation Recovery Sequence, and T₁ Relaxation7.3 Spin-Echo Sequence (Hahn Echo) and T₂ Relaxation7.4 CPMG Echo Train7.5 Stimulated Echo Sequence7.6 SPIN-LOCKING AND T_1ρ RELAXATION7.7 How to Select the Delays in Relaxation Measurement

9 Part III Essential Concepts in NMR SpectroscopyChapter 8 First-order 1D Spectroscopy8.1 Nomenclature of the Spin System8.2 Peak Shift – the Effect of Chemical Shift8.3 Peak Area – Reflecting the Number of Protons8.4 Peak Splitting – the Consequence of J Coupling8.5 Examples of 1D SpectraChapter 9 Advanced Topics in Spectroscopy9.1 Double Resonance9.2 Dipolar Interaction in a Two-spin System9.3 Magic Angle9.4 Chemical Exchange9.5 Magnetization Transfer9.6 Selective Polarization Inversion/Transfer9.7 Radiation DampingChapter 10 2D NMR Spectroscopy10.1 Essence of 2D NMR Spectroscopy10.2 COSY – Correlation Spectroscopy10.3 J-resolved Spectroscopy10.4 Examples of 2D NMR Spectroscopy

10 Part IV Essential Concepts in MRIChapter 11 Effect of the Field Gradient and k-space Imaging11.1 Spatially Encoding Nuclear Spin Magnetization11.2 k Space in MRI11.3 Mapping of k Space11.4 Gradient EchoChapter 12 Spatial Mapping in MRI12.1 Slice Selection in 2D MRI12.2 Reading a Graphical Imaging Sequence12.3 2D Filtered Back-Projection Reconstruction12.4 2D Fourier Imaging Reconstruction12.5 Sampling Patterns Between the Cartesian and Radial Grids12.6 3D Imaging12.7 Fast Imaging in MRI12.8 Ultra-short Echo and ZTE MRI12.9 MRI in Other Dimensions (4D, 1D, and One Voxel)12.10 Resolution in MRIChapter 13 Imaging Instrumentation and Experiments13.1 Shaped Pulses13.2 The Gradient Units13.3 Instrumentation Configurations for MRI13.4 Imaging Parameters in MRI13.5 Image Processing Software13.6 Best Test Samples for MRI

11 Part V Quantitative and Creative MRIChapter 14 Image Contrast in MRI14.1 Non-trivial Relationship Between Spin Density and Image Intensity14.2 Image Contrast in MRI14.3 How to Obtain Useful Information from Image Contrast?14.4 Magnetization-prepared Sequences in Quantitative MRIChapter 15 Quantitative MRI15.1 Quantitative Imaging of Velocity v and Molecular Diffusion D15.2 Quantitative Imaging of Relaxation Times T1, T2, T_1ρ15.3 Quantitative Imaging of Chemical Shift δ15.4 Secondary Image Contrasts in MRI 25915.5 Potential Issues and Practical Strategies in Quantitative MRIChapter 16 Advanced Topics in Quantitative MRI16.1 Anisotropy and Tensor Properties in Quantitative MRI16.2 Multi-Component Nature in Quantitative MRI16.3 Quantitative Phase Information in the FID Data – SWI and QSM16.4 Functional MRI (fMRI)16.5 Optical Pumping and Hyperpolarization in MRIChapter 17 Reading the Binary Data17.1 Formats of Data17.2 Formats of Data Storage17.3 Reading Unknown Binary Data17.4 Examples of Specific Formats

12  Appendices Appendix 1 Background in Mathematics A1.1 Elementary Mathematics A1.2 Fourier Transform Appendix 2 Background in Quantum Mechanics A2.1 Operators A2.2 Expansion of a Wave Function A2.3 Spin Operator I A2.4 Raising and Lowering Operators I+ and I- A2.5 Spin-1/2 Operator (in the Formalism of Pauli’s Spin Matrices) A2.6 Density Matrix Operator ρ Appendix 3 Background in Electronics A3.1 Ohm’s Law for DC and AC Circuits A3.2 Electronics at Radio Frequency Appendix 4 Sample Syllabi for a One-semester Course Appendix 5 Homework Problems

13  Index

14  End User License Agreement