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1. Crisis of conceptual thinking and ways to overcome it.

Today it is possible to speak about the deepest crisis of language caused by the fact that speech activity of people, especially in the humanitarian sphere, is carried out by means of such conceptual thinking, in the frames of which not only the fact is true, that one and the same expression acquires different sense in different situations, but even separate words have not only one, but several meanings. As a result, not only the understanding of social reality, most of its meanings becomes unclear, but also communication between people is complicated. This language is not subject to any correction because there are no facts to correspond the most common of its concepts.

We are talking about the language of classification concepts, with the help of which something is called. As a way of intellectual thinking, it is able to reflect only the qualitative diversity of the world, while the scientific reflection of reality is not available to it. And it became obvious that the elimination of the drawbacks of this thinking by its own methods is impossible.

Thinking with the use of classification concepts is dominant in the socio-humanitarian disciplines, which only partially uses a different intelligible type of concepts – specifically-scientific comparative concepts of different kinds, contributing to the transition from an intellectual understanding of the world to rational thinking, manifesting itself in the modern natural Sciences. And as the beginning of all specific Sciences are considered the well-known comparative concepts of gradation type, such as long and short, rich and poor, and similar concepts.

Examples of comparative concepts of gradation type

More complex relationships, causing cyclic processes, I call comparative concepts of orthogonal form. This potential and kinetic, electrical and magnetic and the like concepts, many of which reflect the relationship of the parties, separated from each other in the cyclic process, not by one hundred eighty degrees, as is the case ща opposites, but by a quarter of the period, i.e., ninety degrees.

Examples of comparative concepts of orthogonal form

In addition to these kinds can be identified specifically-scientific comparative concepts of additional and similar type1.

The language of specifically-scientific comparative concepts is the most optimal variant of the scientific language suitable for unambiguous expression of meanings.

To the same extent, it can be used in both Natural sciences and Humanities. And although the specifically-scientific comparative concepts of different types are still not collected into separate groups, but it is safe to say that the use of these thinking instruments has excluded the ambiguity in the natural scientific knowledge and as a consequence led to their rapid development. Hence appeared the split between social-humanitarian and natural scientific knowledge, which can be overcome only by the use of specifically-scientific comparative concepts in the Humanities.

The transition from intellect and reason to wisdom is carried out at the expense of the third type of thinking instruments – specifically-universal comparative concepts of different types. The simplest of them are «four types of opposition» coming from Aristotle, as the author of «Metaphysics" called comparative concepts2.

Forming from these concepts the Matrix as the embryo of the future universal philosophical language, we find objective points of view, which are equal for all, which leads not only to an understanding of the original natural and social relations, but also to the beginning of mutual understanding.

Figure 1. Aristotelian Matrix in our performance

Continuing along the same path, we find two more complex concepts of Pythagoras and Heraclitus, as well as in modern natural Sciences, and supplement the Matrix with them. So there is a formation of a cumulative number of concrete-universal comparative concepts, starting with an abstract identity and ending with an abstract difference.

Figure 2. The cumulative number of comparative concepts

Continuing to go the same way, we supplement this series with other, even more complex concrete-universal comparative concepts that reveal the idea of «philosophical theory of everything».

Figure 3. Philosophical «Theory of Everything’

Specifically-scientific and specifically-universal comparative concepts of different types, raise the intellectual thinking two levels higher, that is, to the level of reason and the level of wisdom, understood in no other way, than «the knowledge of the universal».

And specifically-scientific comparative concepts, allow translating Humanities from the level of opinions to the level of specific scientific objective knowledge, as is the case in the Natural Sciences, while specifically-universal comparative concepts, incorporating similar specific scientific concepts of different types, raise philosophy to the level of cumulative objective science3.

As a result, we have a universal method of ascent from intellect to reason and wisdom, characterized by the ascent from the set of subjective opinions to unambiguous knowledge through the use in the thinking process not only of classification, but also of the specifically-scientific and specifically-universal comparative concepts. In one case, we have a variety of specific Sciences, including Humanities. In another case – metaphysics as «the science of the first causes and principles», as Aristotle understood philosophy4.

Figure 4. Three stages in the development of the mind

2. Mission of concrete sciences, mathematics and philosophy

According to Aristotle, philosophy is meant to be engaged not just into the search for the elements and principles – all concrete sciences are engaged into this by searching for specifically-scientific comparative concepts of gradation type, such as heavy and easy for physics, long and short for geometry, rich and poor for the economy, healthy and sick for medicine, etc.

The mission of philosophy is the search for the most common principles in the form of specific-universal comparative concepts. The philosophy was created to reduce the diversity of specific scientific knowledge to similar, but extremely common primary causes-metaprocesses.

The philosophers did not succeed in this. Therefore, philosophy is not «the mother of all Sciences’, as it is commonly believed, but «their unborn child’.

None of the Sciences in their generalizations strive to go so far as philosophy, which can arise only when it learns to generalize the principles of the specific Sciences. Each of its concepts is a generalization of all specifically-scientific comparative concepts of a similar kind.

As an example, we can consider one of the simplest concrete-universal concepts of gradation type, namely, «correlated». And we see how this concept incorporates all the specifically-scientific comparative concepts of the same kind, such as hard and soft, rich and poor, as well as all the other concepts considered relative to each other. The same applies to all other specific universal concepts, which makes them scientific.

Mathematics, claiming to be the Queen of Sciences, because with the help of numbers it can describe everything existing is in our world in the most accurate way – it is though special, but still a specific science. Its first principle is a quantitative concept representing the comparative concepts of gradation. Mathematics does not conceive the Universal, as it was supposed to be performed by philosophy, it reflects in numbers only the conclusions of this or that particular science.

Therefore, mathematics is not the Queen of all Sciences, as is commonly believed today, but their conscientious servant.

The Sciences, D.E.Gasparyan writes, «are interested in the reduction of knowledge in the limited areas». The distinctive feature of philosophy is that its subject is the entire reality

1

Rotenfeld, J. A. ARISTOTLE’S FINGER: Against all opinions /Yuriy Rotenfeld. – [b.m.]: Publishing solutions, 2017. – P. 60—64.

2

Aristotle. Metaphysics / Aristotle. Work In 4 vol. Vol.1. Ed. V. F. Asmus. – M., «Thought’, 1975. P. 121—168.

3

Yuriy Rotenfeld Philosophy as a science: Twenty-five lost centuries /Yuriy Rotenfeld. – [b.m.]: Publishing solutions, 2017. – 332 p.

4

Aristotle. Metaphysics / Aristotle. Work In 4 vol. Vol.1. – M., 1976. P. 61.