Читать книгу Practical Procedures in Dental Occlusion - Ziad Al-Ani - Страница 24

This is a complex neural network linking an estimated 100 muscles of the respiratory, laryngeal and supraglottal articulatory systems to convert a discretely specified linguistic message to a continuous stream of sounds that can be understood by others (Price 2012). The production of sounds involves the primary motor cortex along several cranial and spinal nerves to the various muscles of respiration and the vocal tract (Jurgens 2002). Most sounds are produced by outgoing air (egressive) and the vocal tracts act as a valve – abduction (opening) provides voiceless sounds and adduction (closing) creates a vibration effect (Martone and Black 1962) which results in voiced sounds. The frequency provides pitch and intensity provides loudness. This is further modified by resonators and articulators. The resonators are the larynx (major) and pharynx (minor) and articulation, which is extremely important in speech sounds, is provided by the lips, tongue and teeth (Elsubeihi et al. 2019). The links with prosthodontics are addressed later in the book.