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Ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs. It is measured as minute ventilation (volume of air exchanged per minute), which can be calculated by the equation, minute ventilation = tidal volume × respiratory rate. Normal ventilation ranges from 6 L/minute to 7 L/minute. Although hypoventilation can lead to decreased oxygenation and hemoglobin oxygen saturation, ventilatory effectiveness is better evaluated by how well carbon dioxide (CO₂) is being eliminated. Ventilation can be compromised by a number of conditions (Box 6.1), and its assessment is of equal importance to that of oxygenation.