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43 43 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Communication: Guidelines for Emergency Medical Services. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1972.

44 44 Emergency Medical Services Division, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. HSA 77–2036, March 1977.

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52 52 Committee on Emergency Medical Services. Emergency Medical Services at Midpassage. Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1978.

53 53 Memorandum of understanding between the U.S. Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Procedures Relating to Emergency Medical Services Systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978.

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60 60 Page J. History and Legislation Panel. Phoenix, AZ: EMS Medical Directors’ Course, 1993.

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65 65 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau. 5‐Year Plan: Midcourse Review, Emergency Medical Services for Children, 1995‐2000. Washington, DC: Emergency Medical Services for Children National Resource Center, 1998.

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68 68 Emergency Medical Services Education Agenda for the Future: A Systems Approach. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration, 2000.

69 69 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare Program: Payment of Ambulance Services, Fee Schedule; and Revision to Physician Certification Requirements for Coverage of Nonemergency Ambulance Services. 42 CFR Parts 410 and 414. Final Rule, 2002.

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71 71 Dawson DE. National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS). Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006; 10(3):314–16.

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74 74 McGinnis KK, Judge T, Nemitz B, et al. Air medical services: future development as an integrated component of the emergency medical services (EMS) system: a guidance document by the Air Medical Task Force of the National Association of State EMS Officials, National Association of EMS Physicians, Association of Air Medical Services. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2007; 11(4):353–68.

75 75 Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System. Future of Emergency Care series, including: Emergency Medical Services: At the Crossroads; Emergency Care for Children: Growing Pains; Hospital‐Based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006.

76 76 American Board of Emergency Medicine. Emergency Medical Services. Available at: https://www.abem.org/public/become‐certified/subspecialties/emergency‐medical‐services. Accessed October 15, 2020.

77 77 Perina DG, Pons PT, Blackwell TH, et al. The core content of EMS medicine. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012; 16(3):309–22.

78 78 American Board of Emergency Medicine. Exam and certification statistics. Available at: https://www.abem.org/public/resources/exam‐certification‐statistics. Accessed October 11, 2020.

79 79 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National EMS Scope of Practice Model. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 810 657; February 2007.

80 80 Bigham BL, Kennedy SM, Drennan I, Morrison LJ. Expanding paramedic scope of practice in the community: a systematic review of the literature. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013; 17(3):361–72.

81 81 National Association of EMTs. EMS 3.0. Available at: http://naemt.org/initiatives/ems‐transformation. Accessed October 20, 2020.

82 82 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. Department of Transportation. Emergency Triage, Treat, and Transport (ET3) Model. Available at: https://innovation.cms.gov/innovation‐models/et3. Access October 20, 2020.

83 83 Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Smith GS, Levick NR. Occupational fatalities in emergency medical services: a hidden crisis. Ann Emerg Med. 2002; 40(6):625–32.

84 84 BJ. Transportation‐related injuries and fatalities among emergency medical technicians and paramedics. Prehosp Disaster Med 2011; 26(5):346–52.

85 85 American College of Emergency Physicians. Strategy for a National EMS Culture of Safety. 2013. Available at: www.emscultureofsafety.org. Accessed October 11, 2020.

86 86 EMS Agenda 2050. A People‐Centered Vision. Available at: https://www.ems.gov/projects/ems‐agenda‐2050.html. Accessed October 20, 2020.