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assimilation The absorption of an individual or minority group of people into another society or group, achieved by learning and adopting the cultural traditions of the society in which assimilation occurs; it is also often hastened by intermarriage and by de-emphasizing cultural and or biological differences

covert observation When a study is carried out ‘under cover’: the researcher’s identity and purpose of research are concealed from the group

digital anthropology The anthropological study of relationship between humans and the digital era technology

digital ethnography This is an approach to ethnographic practice that accounts for the relationship between the digital, material and physical elements of human activities, experiences and environments

empirical Verifiable through the senses (sight, touch, smell, hearing, taste), either directly or through extensions (reliance on observable and quantifiable data)

fieldwork The first-hand observation of human societies

gatekeeper A person who controls access to a research site

informal (unstructured) interviews An unstructured question-and-answer session in which the informant is encouraged to follow his or her own train of thought, wherever it may lead

informant A person who provides information about his or her culture to the ethnographic fieldworker

interviewer bias When an interviewer’s opinions or approach to questioning direct the discussion, steering the conversation away from what the interviewee wants to talk about

participant observation When a researcher takes part in the everyday life of the group while observing it

reflexivity The process of reflection on the research process

social media ethnography Ethnography that engages with internet practices and content directly, but not exclusively